{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:22:32Z","timestamp":1767626552305},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans STE12\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n            , a homologue of\n            <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae STE12<\/jats:italic>\n            , exists only in\n            <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n            \u03b1 strains. We identified another\n            <jats:italic>STE12<\/jats:italic>\n            homologue,\n            <jats:italic>STE12a<\/jats:italic>\n            , which is\n            <jats:italic>MATa<\/jats:italic>\n            specific. As in the case with\n            <jats:italic>\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:italic>ste12\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n            , the mating efficiency for\n            <jats:italic>\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:italic>ste12a<\/jats:italic>\n            was reduced significantly. The\n            <jats:italic>\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:italic>ste12a<\/jats:italic>\n            strains surprisingly still\n mated with\n            <jats:italic>\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:italic>ste12\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n            strains. In\n            <jats:italic>MAT\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n            strains,\n            <jats:italic>STE12a<\/jats:italic>\n            functionally\n complemented\n            <jats:italic>STE12\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n            for mating efficacy, haploid\n fruiting, and regulation of capsule size in the mouse brain.\n Furthermore, when\n            <jats:italic>STE12a<\/jats:italic>\n            was replaced with two copies of\n            <jats:italic>STE12\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n            , the resulting\n            <jats:italic>MATa<\/jats:italic>\n            strain\n produced hyphae on filament agar.\n            <jats:italic>STE12a<\/jats:italic>\n            regulates mRNA\n levels of several genes that are important for virulence including\n            <jats:italic>CNLAC1<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>CAP<\/jats:italic>\n            genes.\n            <jats:italic>STE12a<\/jats:italic>\n            also modulates enzyme activities of phospholipase\n and superoxide dismutase. Importantly, deletion of\n            <jats:italic>STE12a<\/jats:italic>\n            markedly reduced the virulence in mice, as is the\n case with\n            <jats:italic>STE12<\/jats:italic>\n            \u03b1. Brain smears of mice infected with\n the\n            <jats:italic>\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:italic>ste12a<\/jats:italic>\n            strain showed yeast cells\n with a considerable reduction in capsule size compared with those\n infected with\n            <jats:italic>STE12a<\/jats:italic>\n            strains. When the disrupted locus\n of\n            <jats:italic>ste12a<\/jats:italic>\n            was replaced with a wild-type\n            <jats:italic>STE12a<\/jats:italic>\n            gene, both\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in\n vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant phenotypes were reversed. These results suggest\n that\n            <jats:italic>STE12a<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>STE12\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n            have similar\n functions, and that the mating type of the cells influences the alleles\n to exert their biological effects.\n            <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n            , thus,\n is the first fungal species that contains a mating-type-specific\n            <jats:italic>STE12<\/jats:italic>\n            homologue in each mating type. Our results\n demonstrate that mating-type-specific genes are not only important for\n saprobic reproduction but also play an important role for survival of\n the organism in host tissue.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.061031998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:41:48Z","timestamp":1027694508000},"page":"3258-3263","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["The second\n            <i>STE12<\/i>\n            homologue of\n            <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>\n            is\n            <i>MATa<\/i>\n            -specific and plays an important role in virulence"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Y. 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