{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:32:48Z","timestamp":1781109168414,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many distributed collective decision-making processes must balance diverse individual preferences with a desire for collective unity. We report here on an extensive session of behavioral experiments on biased voting in networks of individuals. In each of 81 experiments, 36 human subjects arranged in a virtual network were financially motivated to reach global consensus to one of two opposing choices. No payments were made unless the entire population reached a unanimous decision within 1 min, but different subjects were paid more for consensus to one choice or the other, and subjects could view only the current choices of their network neighbors, thus creating tensions between private incentives and preferences, global unity, and network structure. Along with analyses of how collective and individual performance vary with network structure and incentives generally, we find that there are well-studied network topologies in which the minority preference consistently wins globally; that the presence of \u201cextremist\u201d individuals, or the awareness of opposing incentives, reliably improve collective performance; and that certain behavioral characteristics of individual subjects, such as \u201cstubbornness,\u201d are strongly correlated with earnings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808147106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,23]],"date-time":"2009-01-23T20:54:40Z","timestamp":1232744080000},"page":"1347-1352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Behavioral experiments on biased voting in networks"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Kearns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Department of Computer and Information Science, 3330 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Judd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Department of Computer and Information Science, 3330 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinsong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Department of Computer and Information Science, 3330 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Wortman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Department of Computer and Information Science, 3330 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","unstructured":"J Zeleny Working together Obama and Clinton try to show unity. NY Times Available at www.nytimes.com\/2008\/06\/28\/us\/politics\/28unity.html. (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511800481.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/226707"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","volume-title":"Micromotives and Macrobehavior","author":"Schelling T","year":"1978","unstructured":"T Schelling Micromotives and Macrobehavior (Norton, New York, 1978)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"Games and Decisions: Introduction and critical survey","author":"Luce RD","year":"1957","unstructured":"RD Luce, H Raiffa Games and Decisions: Introduction and critical survey (Wiley, New York, 1957)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Kearns S Judd Behavioral experiments in networked trade. eds T Sandholm J Riedl L Fortnow (Assoc Computing Machinery New York) pp. 150\u2013159 (2008).","DOI":"10.1145\/1386790.1386817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"6757","article-title":"Contagion","author":"Morris S","year":"2000","unstructured":"S Morris, Contagion. Rev Econ Studies, pp. 6757\u201378 (2000).","journal-title":"Rev Econ Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511814068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.509"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"M Kearns J Wortman Learning from collective behavior. eds R Servedio T Zhang (Omnipress Madison WI) pp. 99\u2013110 (2008)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0808147106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:59:36Z","timestamp":1738889976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0808147106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0808147106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0808147106","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-08-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-02-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}