{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T17:53:42Z","timestamp":1778262822099,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"31","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The development of T helper (T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    )17 and regulatory T (T\n                    <jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) cells is reciprocally regulated by cytokines. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2 alone induces FoxP3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T\n                    <jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells, but together with IL-6 or IL-21 induces T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    17 cells. Here we demonstrate that IL-9 is a key molecule that affects differentiation of T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    17 cells and T\n                    <jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub>\n                    function. IL-9 predominantly produced by T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    17 cells, synergizes with TGF-\u03b21 to differentiate na\u00efve CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells into T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    17 cells, while IL-9 secretion by T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    17 cells is regulated by IL-23. Interestingly, IL-9 enhances the suppressive functions of FoxP3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T\n                    <jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells in vitro, and absence of IL-9 signaling weakens the suppressive activity of nT\n                    <jats:sub>regs<\/jats:sub>\n                    in vivo, leading to an increase in effector cells and worsening of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The mechanism of IL-9 effects on T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    17 and T\n                    <jats:sub>regs<\/jats:sub>\n                    is through activation of STAT3 and STAT5 signaling. Our findings highlight a role of IL-9 as a regulator of pathogenic versus protective mechanisms of immune responses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812530106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,11]],"date-time":"2009-05-11T21:43:15Z","timestamp":1242078195000},"page":"12885-12890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":442,"title":["IL-9 induces differentiation of T\n                    <sub>H<\/sub>\n                    17 cells and enhances function of FoxP3\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    natural regulatory T cells"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Wassim","family":"Elyaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Uyttenhove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Experimental Medicine Unit, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Dardalhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Awasthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Imitola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estelle","family":"Bettelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Oukka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"van Snick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Experimental Medicine Unit, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Christophe","family":"Renauld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Experimental Medicine Unit, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijay K.","family":"Kuchroo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samia J.","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 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