{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T15:01:38Z","timestamp":1778943698047,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"37","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Optimized plasmid DNAs encoding the majority of SIVmac239 proteins and delivered by electroporation (EP) elicited strong immune responses in rhesus macaques. Vaccination decreased viremia in both the acute and chronic phases of infection after challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251. Two groups of macaques were vaccinated with DNA plasmids producing different antigen forms, \u201cnative\u201d and \u201cmodified,\u201d inducing distinct immune responses. Both groups showed significantly lower viremia during the acute phase of infection, whereas the group immunized with the native antigens showed better protection during the chronic phase (1.7 log decrease in virus load,\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.009). Both groups developed strong cellular and humoral responses against the DNA vaccine antigens, which included Gag, Pol, Env, Nef, and Tat. Vaccination induced both central memory and effector memory T cells that were maintained at the day of challenge, suggesting the potential for rapid mobilization upon virus challenge. The group receiving the native antigens developed higher and more durable anti-Env antibodies, including neutralizing antibodies at the day of challenge. These results demonstrate that DNA vaccination in the absence of any heterologous boost can provide protection from high viremia comparable to any other vaccine modalities tested in this macaque model.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902628106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,29]],"date-time":"2009-08-29T02:00:47Z","timestamp":1251511247000},"page":"15831-15836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["DNA vaccination in rhesus macaques induces potent immune responses and decreases acute and chronic viremia after SIVmac251 challenge"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Margherita","family":"Rosati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Section, and"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Bergamaschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Section, and"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Valentin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Section, and"}]},{"given":"Viraj","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201;"}]},{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Jalah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201;"}]},{"given":"Candido","family":"Alicea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201;"}]},{"given":"Vainav","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Section, and"}]},{"given":"Agneta S.","family":"von Gegerfelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Retrovirus Section, and"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Montefiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710;"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Venzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892;"}]},{"given":"Amir S.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VGX Pharmaceuticals, LLC, The Woodlands, TX 77381; and"}]},{"given":"Ruxandra","family":"Draghia-Akli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VGX Pharmaceuticals, LLC, The Woodlands, TX 77381; and"}]},{"given":"Koen K. 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