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Phenomics, the comprehensive study of phenotypes, is therefore essential to understanding biology. For all of the advances in knowledge that a genomic approach to biology has brought, awareness is growing that many phenotypes are highly polygenic and susceptible to genetic interactions. Prime examples are common human diseases. Phenomic thinking is starting to take hold and yield results that reveal why it is so critical. The dimensionality of phenotypic data are often extremely high, suggesting that attempts to characterize phenotypes with a few key measurements are unlikely to be completely successful. However, once phenotypic data are obtained, causation can turn out to be unexpectedly simple. Phenotypic data can be informative about the past history of selection and unexpectedly predictive of long-term evolution. Comprehensive efforts to increase the throughput and range of phenotyping are an urgent priority.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906195106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,27]],"date-time":"2009-10-27T01:47:49Z","timestamp":1256608069000},"page":"1793-1799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Numbering the hairs on our heads: The shared challenge and promise of phenomics"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Houle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change","author":"Lewontin RC","year":"1974","unstructured":"RC Lewontin The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change (Columbia Univ Press, New York, 1974)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"The epigenotype","volume":"1","author":"Waddington CH","year":"1942","unstructured":"CH Waddington, The epigenotype. 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