{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T22:53:52Z","timestamp":1776293632823,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Understanding the factors responsible for variations in mutation\n patterns and selection efficacy along chromosomes is a prerequisite for\n deciphering genome sequences. Population genetics models predict a\n positive correlation between the efficacy of selection at a given locus\n and the local rate of recombination because of Hill\u2013Robertson effects.\n Codon usage is considered one of the most striking examples that\n support this prediction at the molecular level. In a wide range of\n species including\n            <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n            , codon usage is essentially\n shaped by selection acting for translational efficiency. Codon usage\n bias correlates positively with recombination rate in\n            <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n            , apparently supporting the hypothesis that\n selection on codon usage is improved by recombination. Here we present\n an exhaustive analysis of codon usage in\n            <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>D. melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n            complete genomes. We show that in both\n genomes there is a positive correlation between recombination rate and\n the frequency of optimal codons. However, we demonstrate that in both\n species, this effect is due to a mutational bias toward G and C bases\n in regions of high recombination rate, possibly as a direct consequence\n of the recombination process. The correlation between codon usage bias\n and recombination rate in these species appears to be essentially\n determined by recombination-dependent mutational patterns, rather than\n selective effects. This result highlights that it is necessary to take\n into account the mutagenic effect of recombination to understand the\n evolutionary role and impact of recombination.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.091427698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:44:19Z","timestamp":1027694659000},"page":"5688-5692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":203,"title":["Does recombination improve selection on codon usage? Lessons from nematode and fly complete genomes"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Marais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire \u201cBiom\u00e9trie et Biologie \u00c9volutive,\u201d\r Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de\r Recherche 5558, B\u00e2timent 711, Universit\u00e9 Claude\r Bernard, Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Mouchiroud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire \u201cBiom\u00e9trie et Biologie \u00c9volutive,\u201d\r Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de\r Recherche 5558, B\u00e2timent 711, Universit\u00e9 Claude\r Bernard, Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Duret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire \u201cBiom\u00e9trie et Biologie \u00c9volutive,\u201d\r Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de\r Recherche 5558, B\u00e2timent 711, Universit\u00e9 Claude\r Bernard, Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300010156"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300014634"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/134.4.1289"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/356519a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/147.1.165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/43827"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(99)01832-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"1239","volume":"10","author":"Kliman R M","year":"1993","unstructured":"R M Kliman, J Hey Mol Biol Evol 10, 1239\u20131258 (1993).","journal-title":"Mol Biol 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