{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T07:22:35Z","timestamp":1778570555577,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"43","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The great majority of metazoans belong to bilaterian phyla. They diversified during a short interval in Earth\u2019s history known as the Cambrian explosion, \u223c540 million years ago. However, the genetic basis of these events is poorly understood. Here we argue that the vertebrate genome organizer CTCF (CCCTC-binding factor) played an important role for the evolution of bilaterian animals. We provide evidence that the CTCF protein and a genome-wide abundance of CTCF-specific binding motifs are unique to bilaterian phyla, but absent in other eukaryotes. We demonstrate that CTCF-binding sites within vertebrate and\n            <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n            Hox gene clusters have been maintained for several hundred million years, suggesting an ancient origin of the previously known interaction between Hox gene regulation and CTCF. In addition, a close correlation between the presence of CTCF and Hox gene clusters throughout the animal kingdom suggests conservation of the Hox-CTCF link across the Bilateria. On the basis of these findings, we propose the existence of a Hox-CTCF kernel as principal organizer of bilaterian body plans. Such a kernel could explain (\n            <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n            ) the formation of Hox clusters in Bilateria, (\n            <jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>\n            ) the diversity of bilaterian body plans, and (\n            <jats:italic>iii<\/jats:italic>\n            ) the uniqueness and time of onset of the Cambrian explosion.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111941109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,9]],"date-time":"2012-10-09T04:26:58Z","timestamp":1349756818000},"page":"17507-17512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":183,"title":["The chromatin insulator CTCF and the emergence of metazoan diversity"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Heger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genetics,"}]},{"given":"Birger","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botanical Institute, and"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Bartkuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Einhard","family":"Schierenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; and"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wiehe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genetics,"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1846"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.33.031504.103001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2232"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1139158"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"1189","article-title":"The importance of preadapted genomes in the origin of the animal bodyplans and the Cambrian explosion","volume":"64","author":"Marshall CR","year":"2010","unstructured":"CR Marshall, JW Valentine, The importance of preadapted genomes in the origin of the animal bodyplans and the Cambrian explosion. 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