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First, growth is driven by changes in scale rather than by addition\u2013subtraction; second, evolution toward larger sizes between two consecutive releases is limited by bounds that depend on the starting size of a package. Strikingly, a stochastic model that implements these two laws is predictive. Finally, we provide evidence that similar principles could be in place for the evolution of body mass in mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311124110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,10]],"date-time":"2013-12-10T00:11:29Z","timestamp":1386634289000},"page":"21054-21058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evidence for soft bounds in Ubuntu package sizes and mammalian body masses"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Gherardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy;"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Mandr\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy;"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy;"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Bassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy;"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Cosentino Lagomarsino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Physics Group, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 7238 associ\u00e9e au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, \u201cMicroorganism Genomics,\u201d F-75006 Paris, France; and"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 7238, Universit\u00e9 Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-0190(03)00382-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-76440-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2010-10774-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.101.218701"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Maintenance","author":"Godfrey M","year":"2000","unstructured":"M Godfrey, Q Tu, Evolution in open source software: A case study. 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