{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:39:49Z","timestamp":1780105189807,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,4]],"date-time":"2016-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/preview_site\/misc\/userlicense.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"name":"Multiplex","award":["317532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["317532"]}]},{"name":"SIMPOL","award":["610704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["610704"]}]},{"name":"SOBIGDATA.EU","award":["654024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["654024"]}]},{"name":"DOLFINS","award":["640772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["640772"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The wide availability of user-provided content in online social media facilitates the aggregation of people around common interests, worldviews, and narratives. However, the World Wide Web is a fruitful environment for the massive diffusion of unverified rumors. In this work, using a massive quantitative analysis of Facebook, we show that information related to distinct narratives\u2013\u2013conspiracy theories and scientific news\u2013\u2013generates homogeneous and polarized communities (i.e., echo chambers) having similar information consumption patterns. Then, we derive a data-driven percolation model of rumor spreading that demonstrates that homogeneity and polarization are the main determinants for predicting cascades\u2019 size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517441113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]],"date-time":"2016-01-05T02:30:13Z","timestamp":1451961013000},"page":"554-559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1759,"title":["The spreading of misinformation online"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Michela","family":"Del Vicario","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Computational Social Science, Networks Department, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bessi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUSS Institute for Advanced Study, 27100 Pavia, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Zollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Computational Social Science, Networks Department, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Petroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3414-2686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Scala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Computational Social Science, Networks Department, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy;"},{"name":"ISC-CNR Uos \u201cSapienza,\u201d 00185 Rome, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Caldarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Computational Social Science, Networks Department, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy;"},{"name":"ISC-CNR Uos \u201cSapienza,\u201d 00185 Rome, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Eugene","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Quattrociocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Computational Social Science, Networks Department, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dir.20082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444804039908"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219525911003165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1835804.1835875"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9760.2008.00325.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"C Kadlec The goal is power: The global warming conspiracy. Forbes July 25 2011. Available at www.forbes.com\/sites\/charleskadlec\/2011\/07\/25\/the-goal-is-po.wer-the-global-warming-conspiracy\/. Accessed August 21 2015. (2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"J Millman The inevitable rise of Ebola conspiracy theories. The Washington Post Oct. 13 2014. Available at https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/wonk\/wp\/2014\/10\/13\/the-inevitable-rise-of-ebola-conspiracy-theories\/. Accessed August 31 2015. (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"D Lamothe Remember Jade Helm 15 the controversial military exercise? It\u2019s over. The Washington Post Sept. 14 2015. Available at https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/checkpoint\/wp\/2015\/09\/14\/remember-jade-helm-15-the-controversial-military-exercise-its-over\/. Accessed September 20 2015. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Mocanu L Rossi Q Zhang M Karsai W Quattrociocchi Collective attention in the age of (mis) information. Comput Human Behav 51:1198\u20131204. (2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40493-014-0012-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","volume-title":"Culture of Fear Revisited","author":"Furedi F","year":"2006","unstructured":"F Furedi Culture of Fear Revisited (Bloomsbury, London, 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2180861.2180866"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2014.0531"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1145\/2740908.2745939","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion","author":"Bessi A","year":"2015","unstructured":"A Bessi, , Viral misinformation: The role of homophily and polarization. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion (International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, Florence, Italy), pp. 355\u2013356 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134641"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138740"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230349216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","unstructured":"Fine GA Campion-Vincent V Heath C (2005) Rumor Mills: The Social Impact of Rumor and Legend eds Fine GA Campion-Vincent V Heath C (Aldine Transaction New Brunswick NJ) pp 103\u2013122."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444344073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027387"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","unstructured":"L Howell Digital wildfires in a hyperconnected world. WEF Report 2013. Available at reports.weforum.org\/global-risks-2013\/risk-case-1\/digital-wildfires-in-a-hyperconnected-world. Accessed August 31 2015. (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"1589","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Qazvinian V","year":"2011","unstructured":"V Qazvinian, E Rosengren, DR Radev, Q Mei, Rumor has it: Identifying misinformation in microblogs. Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (Association for Computational Linguistics, Stroudsburg, PA), pp. 1589\u20131599 (2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GL Ciampaglia Computational fact checking from knowledge networks. arXiv:1501.03471. (2015).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"P Resnick S Carton S Park Y Shen N Zeffer Rumorlens: A system for analyzing the impact of rumors and corrections in social media. Proceedings of Computational Journalism Conference (ACM New York). (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13734-6_16","volume-title":"Social Informatics","author":"Gupta A","year":"2014","unstructured":"A Gupta, P Kumaraguru, C Castillo, P Meier, Tweetcred: Real-time credibility assessment of content on twitter. Social Informatics (Springer, Berlin), pp. 228\u2013243 (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","first-page":"53","article-title":"A model for recalibrating credibility in different contexts and languages-a twitter case study","volume":"4","author":"Al Mansour AA","year":"2014","unstructured":"AA Al Mansour, L Brankovic, CS Iliopoulos, A model for recalibrating credibility in different contexts and languages-a twitter case study. Int J Digital Inf Wireless Commun 4, 53\u201362 (2014).","journal-title":"Int J Digital Inf Wireless Commun"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Ratkiewicz Detecting and tracking political abuse in social media. Proceedings of the 5th International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (AAAI Palo Alto CA). (2011).","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v5i1.14127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2777598.2777603"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2365"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721410396620"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441895"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.51.1.481"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","volume-title":"Echo Chambers","author":"Sunstein C","year":"2001","unstructured":"C Sunstein Echo Chambers (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, NJ, 2001)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2009.01440.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","unstructured":"Facebook. (2015) Using the graph API. Available at https:\/\/developers.facebook.com\/docs\/graph-api\/using-graph-api. Accessed December 19 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/30918"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753532"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1517441113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1517441113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T11:01:58Z","timestamp":1692183718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1517441113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1517441113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1517441113","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-01-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}