{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:39:53Z","timestamp":1781109593441,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"15","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    IL-12 plays a central role in both the induction and magnitude of a primary Th1 response. A critical question in designing vaccines for diseases requiring Th1 immunity such as\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the requirements to sustain memory\/effector Th1 cells\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This report examines the role of IL-12 and antigen in sustaining Th1 responses sufficient for protective immunity to\n                    <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                    after vaccination with LACK protein (LP) plus rIL-12 and LACK DNA. It shows that, after initial vaccination with LP plus rIL-12, supplemental boosting with either LP or rIL-12 is necessary but not sufficient to fully sustain long-term Th1 immunity. Moreover, endogenous IL-12 is also shown to be required for the induction, maintenance, and effector phase of the Th1 response after LACK DNA vaccination. Finally, IL-12 is required to sustain Th1 cells and control parasite growth in susceptible and resistant strains of mice during primary and secondary infection. Taken together, these data show that IL-12 is essential to sustain a sufficient number of memory\/effector Th1 cells generated\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    to mediate long-term protection to an intracellular pathogen.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.160197797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:41:48Z","timestamp":1027680108000},"page":"8427-8432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["The role of antigen and IL-12 in sustaining Th1 memory cells\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    : IL-12 is required to maintain memory\/effector Th1 cells sufficient to mediate protection to an infectious parasite challenge"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Stobie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, and Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and Institut de Pharmacologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, UPR411 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 06560 Valbonne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Gurunathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, and Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and Institut de Pharmacologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, UPR411 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 06560 Valbonne, 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