{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:52:40Z","timestamp":1775667160497,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"44","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]],"date-time":"2017-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/aboutpnas\/licenses.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DC00238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DC00238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGV-1111415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGV-1111415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1122374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1122374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shell Research","award":["0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0"]}]},{"name":"Quanta Computer","award":["0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Humans have difficulty seeing small motions with amplitudes below a threshold. Although there are optical techniques to visualize small static physical features (e.g., microscopes), visualization of small dynamic motions is extremely difficult. Here, we introduce a visualization tool, the motion microscope, that makes it possible to see and understand important biological and physical modes of motion. The motion microscope amplifies motions in a captured video sequence by rerendering small motions to make them large enough to see and quantifies those motions for analysis. Amplification of these tiny motions involves careful noise analysis to avoid the amplification of spurious signals. In the representative examples presented in this study, the visualizations reveal important motions that are invisible to the naked eye.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1703715114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]],"date-time":"2017-10-16T19:21:00Z","timestamp":1508181660000},"page":"11639-11644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Motion microscopy for visualizing and quantifying small motions"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Neal","family":"Wadhwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}]},{"given":"Justin G.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}]},{"given":"Jonathan B.","family":"Sellon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"},{"name":"Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}]},{"given":"Donglai","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Rubinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Research, Google Inc. Cambridge, MA 02139;"}]},{"given":"Roozbeh","family":"Ghaffari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}]},{"given":"Dennis M.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"},{"name":"Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}]},{"given":"Oral","family":"B\u00fcy\u00fck\u00f6zt\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}]},{"given":"Pai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;"}]},{"given":"Sijie","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9156-3348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Hoon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218;"},{"name":"Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Bertoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9do","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}]},{"given":"William T.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"},{"name":"Google Research, Google Inc. Cambridge, MA 02139;"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1073204.1073223"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185561"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2461912.2461966"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"IEEE International Conference on Computational Photography","author":"Wadhwa N","year":"2014","unstructured":"N Wadhwa, M Rubinstein, F Durand, WT Freeman, Riesz pyramid for fast phase-based video magnification. IEEE International Conference on Computational Photography (Inst Electr Electron Eng, New York), pp. 1\u201310 (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Image Sensors and Signal Processing for Digital Still Cameras","author":"Nakamura J","year":"2005","unstructured":"J Nakamura Image Sensors and Signal Processing for Digital Still Cameras (CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.1995.537667"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00056772"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"P Dallos RR Fay The Cochlea Springer Handbook of Auditory Research (Springer Science New York) Vol 8. (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03008209309016826"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1121\/1.384294","article-title":"Five decades of research on cochlear mechanics","volume":"67","author":"Zwislocki JJ","year":"1980","unstructured":"JJ Zwislocki, Five decades of research on cochlear mechanics. J Acoust Soc Am 67, 1679\u20131685 (1980).","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1511620112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703665104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2014.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1094"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"DJ Ewins Modal Testing: Theory and Practice Engineering Dynamics Series (Res Stud Baldock UK) Vol 6. (1995)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0296(96)00149-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mssp.1998.1211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4026911"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1757642"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/9\/3\/045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001514107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.97.133901"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.599709"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.113.014301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026553619983"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"901","volume-title":"2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Liu C","year":"2006","unstructured":"C Liu, WT Freeman, R Szeliski, SB Kang, Noise estimation from a single image. 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Inst Electr Electron Eng, New York), pp. 901\u2013908 (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","volume-title":"Discrete-Time Signal Processing","author":"Oppenheim AV","year":"2010","unstructured":"AV Oppenheim, RW Schafer Discrete-Time Signal Processing (Prentice Hall, New York, 2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","unstructured":"F Durst A Melling JH Whitelaw Principles and Practice of Laser-Doppler Anemometry . NASA STI\/Recon Technical Report A (NASA Washington DC) vol 76. (1976)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","unstructured":"Hibbett Karlsson Sorensen (1998) ABAQUS\/Standard: User\u2019s Manual (Hibbitt Karlsson & Sorensen Pawtucket RI) Vol 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-015-0009-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-015-9996-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/79.799930"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3648-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5540167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","first-page":"674","article-title":"An iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo vision","volume":"81","author":"Lucas BD","year":"1981","unstructured":"BD Lucas, T Kanade, An iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo vision. Int Joint Conf Artif Intell 81, 674\u2013679 (1981).","journal-title":"Int Joint Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(81)90024-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3015573"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th Turbomachinery Symposium","author":"Wachel JC","unstructured":"JC Wachel, SJ Morton, Atkins KE (1990) Piping vibration analysis. Proceedings of the 19th Turbomachinery Symposium, pp. 119\u2013134"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1703715114","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1703715114","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T06:41:43Z","timestamp":1649832103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1703715114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"44","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1703715114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1703715114","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-10-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}