{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:09:07Z","timestamp":1773421747953,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"17","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Brain glucose utilization is markedly depressed in adult rats made\n cretinous after birth. To ascertain which subtype of thyroid hormone\n (TH) receptors, TR\u03b11 or TR\u03b2, is involved in the regulation of\n glucose utilization during brain development, we used the\n 2-[\n            <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n            C]deoxyglucose method in mice with a mutation in\n either their TR\u03b1 or TR\u03b2 gene. A C insertion produced a frameshift\n mutation in their carboxyl terminus. These mutants lacked TH binding\n and transactivation activities and exhibited potent dominant negative\n activity. Glucose utilization in the homozygous TR\u03b2PV mutant mice and\n their wild-type siblings was almost identical in 19 brain regions,\n whereas it was markedly reduced in all brain regions of the\n heterozygous TR\u03b11PV mice. These suggest that the \u03b11 receptor\n mediates the TH effects in brain. Inasmuch as local cerebral glucose\n utilization is closely related to local synaptic activity, we also\n examined which thyroid hormone receptor is involved in the expression\n of synaptotagmin-related gene 1 (\n            <jats:italic>Srg1<\/jats:italic>\n            ), a TH-positively\n regulated gene involved in the formation and function of synapses\n [Thompson, C. C. (1996)\n            <jats:italic>J. Neurosci.<\/jats:italic>\n            16,\n 7832\u20137840]. Northern analysis showed that Srg1 expression was\n markedly reduced in the cerebellum of\n            <jats:italic>TR\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>PV\/+<\/jats:sup>\n            mice but not\n            <jats:italic>TR\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>PV\/PV<\/jats:sup>\n            mice. These results show that the\n same receptor, TR\u03b11, is involved in the regulation by TH of both\n glucose utilization and Srg1 expression.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.171319498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:34:10Z","timestamp":1027694050000},"page":"9913-9918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Brain glucose utilization in mice with a targeted mutation in the thyroid hormone \u03b1 or \u03b2 receptor gene"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Itoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cerebral Metabolism, National Institute of Mental\r Health, and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National\r Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD\r 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