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Two of these, Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4, recently were shown to play a critical role in innate immunity against bacteria. Here we describe six additional<jats:italic>Toll-<\/jats:italic>related genes (<jats:italic>Toll-3<\/jats:italic>to<jats:italic>Toll-8<\/jats:italic>) in<jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>in addition to<jats:italic>18-wheeler<\/jats:italic>. Two of these genes,<jats:italic>Toll-3<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Toll-4<\/jats:italic>, are expressed at a low level.<jats:italic>Toll-6<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>-7<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>-8<\/jats:italic>, on the other hand, are expressed at high levels during embryogenesis and molting, suggesting that, like<jats:italic>Toll<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>18w<\/jats:italic>, they perform developmental functions. Finally,<jats:italic>Toll-5<\/jats:italic>is expressed only in larvae and adults. By using chimeric constructs, we have tested the capacity of the signaling Toll\/IL-1R homology domains of these receptors to activate antimicrobial peptide promoters and found that only Toll and Toll-5 can activate the drosomycin promoter in transfected cells, thus demonstrating specificity at the level of the Toll\/IL-1R homology domain. In contrast, none of these constructs activated antibacterial peptide promoters, suggesting that Toll-related receptors are not involved in the regulation of antibacterial peptide expression. This result was independently confirmed by the demonstration that a dominant-negative version of the kinase Pelle can block induction of drosomycin by the cytokine Spaetzle, but does not affect induction of the antibacterial peptide attacin by lipopolysaccharide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.180130797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:43:20Z","timestamp":1027694600000},"page":"10520-10525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":329,"title":["Toll-related receptors and the control of antimicrobial peptide expression in<i>Drosophila<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Servane","family":"Tauszig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UPR9022 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, F-67084 Strasbourg, 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