{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T06:10:40Z","timestamp":1782713440408,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["902\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["902\/16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002418","name":"Intel Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autonomous systems are replacing humans in a variety of tasks, and in the years to come, such systems will become central and crucial to human life. They will include vehicles of all kinds, medical and industrial robots, agricultural and manufacturing facilities, traffic management systems, and much more. While many organizations strive to develop the next generation of trustworthy, cost-effective autonomous systems, a major gap exists between the challenges in developing these and the state of the art. There is a crucial need for a common scientific and engineering foundation for developing these systems, which we term \u201cautonomics.\u201d We believe that such a foundation will dramatically accelerate the deployment and acceptance of high-quality autonomous systems, for the benefit of human society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003162117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T16:35:36Z","timestamp":1595349336000},"page":"17491-17498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Autonomics: In search of a foundation for next-generation autonomous systems"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Harel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5904-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assaf","family":"Marron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2447-7981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Sifakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verimag Laboratory, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Saint Martin d\u2019H\u00e8res, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","unstructured":"Boston Dynamics \u201cBoston Dynamics Spot Robot is ready to leave the nest\u201d (2019). https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jEr1kRf_FC0. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ad.2394"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"A. Dosovitskiy G. Ros F. Codevilla A. Lopez V. Koltun CARLA: An open urban driving simulator. arXiv:1711.03938 (10 November 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","unstructured":"R. Majumdar A. Mathur M. Pirron L. Stegner D. Zufferey PARACOSM: A language and tool for testing autonomous driving systems. arXiv:1902.01084 (4 February 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","unstructured":"Hexagon AB MSC Software Virtual test drive. https:\/\/www.hexagonmi.com\/products\/computer-aided-engineering-cae-software\/msc-software. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","unstructured":"Cognata Inc. Cognata driving simulator. https:\/\/www.cognata.com. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","unstructured":"DEEL AI project. https:\/\/www.deel.ai\/. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","unstructured":"SafeTRANS SafeTRANS project. https:\/\/www.safetrans-de.org\/en\/. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","unstructured":"US Department of Transportation Preparing for the future of transportation: Automated vehicles 3.0. https:\/\/www.transportation.gov\/sites\/dot.gov\/files\/docs\/policy-initiatives\/automated-vehicles\/320711\/preparing-future-transportation-automated-vehicle-30.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","unstructured":"HumanDrive HumanDrive Project. https:\/\/humandrive.co.uk\/. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","first-page":"254","volume-title":"Proceedings of First International Conference on Multiagent Systems","author":"Luck M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"M. Luck ., \u201cA formal framework for agency and autonomy\u201d in Proceedings of First International Conference on Multiagent Systems (AAAI Press, 1995), vol. 95, pp. 254\u2013260."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","first-page":"21","volume-title":"International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages","author":"Franklin S.","year":"1996","unstructured":"S. Franklin, A. Graesser, \u201cIs it an agent, or just a program?: A taxonomy for autonomous agents\u201d in International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages, J. P. M\u00fcller, M. J. Wooldridge, N. R. Jennings, Eds. (Springer, 1996), pp. 21\u201335."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","unstructured":"SAE International Automated driving levels of driving automation are defined in new SAE International standard j3016. https:\/\/cdn.oemoffhighway.com\/files\/base\/acbm\/ooh\/document\/2016\/03\/automated_driving.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","unstructured":"IBM \u201cAn architectural blueprint for autonomic computing\u201d (Autonomic Computing White Paper 2006). https:\/\/www-03.ibm.com\/autonomic\/pdfs\/AC%20Blueprint%20White%20Paper%20V7.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","volume-title":"Agent-Oriented Software Engineering: Reflections on Architectures, Methodologies, Languages, and Frameworks","author":"Shehory O.","year":"2016","unstructured":"O. Shehory, A. Sturm, Eds., Agent-Oriented Software Engineering: Reflections on Architectures, Methodologies, Languages, and Frameworks (Springer, 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47474-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","unstructured":"S. M. Dambrot D. de Kerchove F. Flammini W. Kinsner L. MacDonald Glenn R. Saracco \u201cSymbiotic autonomous systems\u201d (White Paper II IEEE 2018). https:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:1260812\/FULLTEXT02.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21485-2_21","volume-title":"Models, Languages, and Tools for Concurrent and Distributed Programming","author":"Sifakis J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Sifakis, Autonomous systems\u2003an architectural characterization\u201d in Models, Languages, and Tools for Concurrent and Distributed Programming, M. Boreale, F. Corradini, M. Loreti, R. Pugliese, Eds. (Springer, 2019) pp. 388\u2013410."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/1000000034"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-82453-1_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","unstructured":"S. Boschert . \u201cSymbiotic autonomous systems \u201d T. Cavrak Ed. (White Paper III IEEE 2019) https:\/\/digitalreality.ieee.org\/images\/files\/pdf\/1SAS_WP3_Nov2019.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3357225"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","unstructured":"ACM ACM transactions on autonomous and adaptive systems (TAAS). https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/journal\/taas. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2016.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-017-9372-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219745"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95246-8_11","volume-title":"Principles of Modeling","author":"Damm W.","year":"2018","unstructured":"W. Damm, E. M\u00f6hlmann, T. Peikenkamp, A. Rakow, \u201cA formal semantics for traffic sequence charts\u201d in Principles of Modeling, M. Lohstroh, P. Derler, M. Sirjani, Eds. (Springer, 2018), pp. 182\u2013205."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","unstructured":"N. G. Wassim J. D. Smith M. Yanagisawa \u201cPre-crash scenario typology for crash avoidance research\u201d (Tech. Rep. DOT HS 810 767 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2015.133"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2019 IEEE International Conference of Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES)","author":"Watanabe H.","year":"2019","unstructured":"H. Watanabe, L. Tobisch, J. Rost, J. Wallner, G. Prokop, \u201cScenario mining for development of predictive safety functions\u201d in 2019 IEEE International Conference of Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES) (IEEE, 2019), pp. 1\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Lo S. Maoz S.-C. Khoo \u201cMining modal scenario-based specifications from execution traces of reactive systems\u201d in Proceedings of the 22 nd IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ACM 2007) pp. 465\u2013468.","DOI":"10.1145\/1321631.1321710"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","volume-title":"28th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE)","author":"Bertero C.","year":"2017","unstructured":"C. Bertero, M. Roy, C. Sauvanaud, G. Tr\u00e9dan, \u201cExperience report: Log mining using natural language processing and application to anomaly detection\u201d in 28th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE) (IEEE, 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","volume-title":"The Second IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Testing","author":"Tahir Z.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Z. Tahir, R. Alexander, \u201cCoverage based testing for V&V and safety assurance of self-driving autonomous vehicle: A systematic literature review\u201d in The Second IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Testing (IEEE, Oxford, UK, 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","unstructured":"Waymo JOURNEY. https:\/\/waymo.com\/journey\/. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","unstructured":"Venturebeat Uber\u2019s 250 autonomous cars have driven \u201cmillions\u201d of miles and transported \u201ctens of thousands\u201d of passengers. https:\/\/venturebeat.com\/2019\/04\/11\/ubers-250-autonomous-cars-have-driven-millions-of-miles-and-transported-tens-of-thousands-of-passengers\/. Accessed 6 July 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","first-page":"176","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Complex Systems Design & Management, CSD&M Paris 2019","author":"Kone T. F.","year":"2019","unstructured":"T. F. Kone, E. Bonjour, E. Levrat, F. Mayer, S. G\u00e9ronimi, \u201cSafety demonstration of autonomous vehicles: A review and future research questions\u201d in Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Complex Systems Design & Management, CSD&M Paris 2019, G. A. Boy, A. Guegan, D. Krob, V. Vion, Eds. (Springer, 2019), pp. 176\u2013188."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Bouyer . Reasoning about quality and fuzziness of strategic behaviours. arXiv:1905.11537 (27 May 2019).","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2019\/220"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","first-page":"2672","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 27","author":"Goodfellow I.","year":"2014","unstructured":"I. Goodfellow ., \u201cGenerative adversarial nets\u201d in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 27, Z. Ghahramani, M. Welling, C. Cortes, N. D. Lawrence, K. Q. Weinberger, Eds. (Curran Associates, Inc., 2014), pp. 2672\u20132680."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63387-9_5","volume-title":"International Conference on Computer Aided Verification","author":"Katz G.","year":"2017","unstructured":"G. Katz, C. Barrett, D. L. Dill, K. Julian, M. J. Kochenderfer, \u201cReluplex: An efficient smt solver for verifying deep neural networks\u201d in International Conference on Computer Aided Verification (Springer, 2017), pp. 97\u2013117."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Harel A. Marron A. Rosenfeld M. Vardi G. Weiss \u201cLabor division with movable walls: Composing executable specifications with machine learning and search (blue sky idea)\u201d in Proceedings of the 33rd AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI Press 2019) vol. 33 pp. 9770\u20139774.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33019770"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","unstructured":"S. Shalev-Shwartz S. Shammah A. Shashua On a formal model of safe and scalable self-driving cars. arXiv:1708.06374 (21 August 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","unstructured":"J. Mao C. Gan P. Kohli J. B. Tenenbaum J. Wu The neuro-symbolic concept learner: Interpreting scenes words and sentences from natural supervision. arXiv:1904.12584 (26 April 2019)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2003162117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2003162117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T05:57:07Z","timestamp":1649829427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2003162117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2003162117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2003162117","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}