{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:57:07Z","timestamp":1777489027231,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"26","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We introduce cap analysis gene expression (CAGE), which is based on preparation and sequencing of concatamers of DNA tags deriving from the initial 20 nucleotides from 5\u2032 end mRNAs. CAGE allows high-throughout gene expression analysis and the profiling of transcriptional start points (TSP), including promoter usage analysis. By analyzing four libraries (brain, cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum), we redefined more accurately the TSPs of 11-27% of the analyzed transcriptional units that were hit. The frequency of CAGE tags correlates well with results from other analyses, such as serial analysis of gene expression, and furthermore maps the TSPs more accurately, including in tissue-specific cases. The high-throughput nature of this technology paves the way for understanding gene networks via correlation of promoter usage and gene transcriptional factor expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2136655100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,23]],"date-time":"2003-12-23T17:58:11Z","timestamp":1072202291000},"page":"15776-15781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":647,"title":["Cap analysis gene expression for high-throughput analysis of transcriptional starting point and identification of promoter usage"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Shiraki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Shintaro","family":"Katayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Waki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Takeya","family":"Kasukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Hideya","family":"Kawaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Rimantas","family":"Kodzius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Watahiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Podhajska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Harbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Carninci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]},{"given":"Yoshihide","family":"Hayashizaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama Institute 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako Main Campus, Hirosawa 2-1 Wako, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, ul Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; Division of Genomic Information Resources, Science of Biological Supramolecular Systems,..."}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01262"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1119703"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.164001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00906"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1017303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.041605498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5235.484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0502-508"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01266"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.255002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)03004-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/01306st01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/02325bm01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.5.1345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/26.14.3445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.152600"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.1058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.1.137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/26.1.362"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2136655100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T11:50:08Z","timestamp":1649850608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2136655100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,8]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"26","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2136655100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2136655100","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2003-08-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-12-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}