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Gambicin lacks sequence homology with other known proteins. Like other\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    antimicrobial peptide genes, gambicin is induced by natural or experimental infection in the midgut, fatbody, and hemocyte-like cell lines. Within the midgut, gambicin is predominantly expressed in the anterior part. Both local and systemic gambicin expression is induced during early and late stages of natural malaria infection.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments showed that the 6.8-kDa mature peptide can kill both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, has a morphogenic effect on a filamentous fungus, and is marginally lethal to\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                    ookinetes. An oxidized form of gambicin isolated from the cell line medium was more active against bacteria than the nonoxidized form from the same medium.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.221466798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:34:10Z","timestamp":1027679650000},"page":"12630-12635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Gambicin: A novel immune responsive antimicrobial peptide from the malaria vector\n                    <i>Anopheles gambiae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Vizioli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, 15 Rue Ren\u00e9 Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Bulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, 15 Rue Ren\u00e9 Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jules A.","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, 15 Rue Ren\u00e9 Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Fotis C.","family":"Kafatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, 15 Rue Ren\u00e9 Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Hans-Michael","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, 15 Rue Ren\u00e9 Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Dimopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, 15 Rue Ren\u00e9 Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.43.1.519","volume":"43","author":"Beier J C","year":"1998","unstructured":"J C Beier Annu Rev Entomol 43, 519\u2013543 (1998).","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3532325","volume":"234","author":"Collins F H","year":"1986","unstructured":"F H Collins, R K Sakai, K D Vernick, S Paskewitz, D C Seeley, L H Miller, W E Collins, C C Campbell, R W Gwadz Science 234, 607\u2013610 (1986).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1995.1074","volume":"80","author":"Vernick K D","year":"1995","unstructured":"K D Vernick, H Fujioka, D C Seeley, B Tandler, M Aikawa, L H Miller Exp Parasitol 80, 583\u2013595 (1995).","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01626-9","volume":"16","author":"Ghosh A","year":"2000","unstructured":"A Ghosh, M J Edwards, M Jacobs-Lorena Parasitol Today 16, 196\u2013201 (2000).","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6115","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.21.6115","volume":"17","author":"Dimopoulos G","year":"1998","unstructured":"G Dimopoulos, D Seeley, A Wolf, F C Kafatos EMBO J 17, 6115\u20136123 (1998).","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6619","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.12.6619","volume":"97","author":"Dimopoulos G","year":"2000","unstructured":"G Dimopoulos, T L Casavant, S Chang, T Scheetz, C Roberts, M Donohue, J Schultz, V Benes, P Bork, W Ansorge, et al. 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