{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T06:01:03Z","timestamp":1775282463449,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"24","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The molecular identity and function of the\n            <jats:italic>Drosophila\n melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n            Y-linked fertility factors have long eluded\n researchers. Although the\n            <jats:italic>D. melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n            genome\n sequence was recently completed, the fertility factors still were not\n identified, in part because of low cloning efficiency of\n heterochromatic Y sequences. Here we report a method for iterative\n            <jats:sc>blast<\/jats:sc>\n            searching to assemble heterochromatic genes from\n shotgun assemblies, and we successfully identify\n            <jats:italic>kl-2<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>kl-3<\/jats:italic>\n            as 1\u03b2- and \u03b3-dynein heavy chains,\n respectively. Our conclusions are supported by formal genetics with X-Y\n translocation lines. Reverse transcription\u2013PCR was successful in\n linking together unmapped sequence fragments from the whole-genome\n shotgun assembly, although some sequences were missing altogether from\n the shotgun effort and had to be generated\n            <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n            . We\n also found a previously undescribed Y gene, polycystine-related\n (\n            <jats:italic>PRY<\/jats:italic>\n            ). The closest paralogs of\n            <jats:italic>kl-2<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>kl-3<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>PRY<\/jats:italic>\n            (and also of\n            <jats:italic>kl-5<\/jats:italic>\n            ) are autosomal and not X-linked, suggesting that\n the evolution of the\n            <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n            Y chromosome has been\n driven by an accumulation of male-related genes arising\n            <jats:italic>de\n novo<\/jats:italic>\n            from the autosomes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.230438397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:41:48Z","timestamp":1027694508000},"page":"13239-13244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Y chromosomal fertility factors\n            <i>kl-2<\/i>\n            and\n            <i>kl-3<\/i>\n            of\n            <i>Drosophila melanogaster<\/i>\n            encode dynein heavy chain polypeptides"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Antonio Bernardo","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Department of\r Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; and\r Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal do\r Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68011 CEP 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro,\r Brazil"}]},{"given":"Brian P.","family":"Lazzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Department of\r Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; and\r Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal do\r Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68011 CEP 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro,\r Brazil"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Department of\r Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; and\r Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal do\r Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68011 CEP 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro,\r Brazil"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.32.812.120"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01847139"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/45.3.257"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/98.3.529"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00328522"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.970320214"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.23.7405"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.23.11132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.23.10904"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.5.1.45"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00285858"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/149.3.1363"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/154.2.759"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00328946"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/150.2.735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5461.2185"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5461.2196"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1997.4984"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1.4.279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.133.4.809"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.1.179"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5338.675"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/7771"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.12.6297"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/134.4.1149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950180410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01865.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.11.7.2297"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1931.tb01030.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(98)01567-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.11.6217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/139.1.189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","first-page":"189","volume":"10","author":"Kumar S","year":"1994","unstructured":"S Kumar, K Tamura, M Nei Comput Appl Biosci 10, 189\u2013191 (1994).","journal-title":"Comput Appl Biosci"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of 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