{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T14:07:52Z","timestamp":1770473272895,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Insulators define independent domains of gene function throughout the genome. The\n            <jats:italic>Drosophila gypsy<\/jats:italic>\n            insulator was isolated from the\n            <jats:italic>gypsy<\/jats:italic>\n            retrotransposon as a region that contains a cluster of binding sites for the Suppressor of Hairy-wing [Su(Hw)] protein. To study the effects of the\n            <jats:italic>gypsy<\/jats:italic>\n            insulator on gene expression within a single genomic domain, targeted gene replacement was used to exchange the endogenous\n            <jats:italic>yellow<\/jats:italic>\n            gene, located at cytological location 1A, with a set of\n            <jats:italic>gypsy<\/jats:italic>\n            -modified\n            <jats:italic>yellow<\/jats:italic>\n            genes. Replaced\n            <jats:italic>yellow<\/jats:italic>\n            genes carried a\n            <jats:italic>gypsy<\/jats:italic>\n            insulator positioned between the\n            <jats:italic>yellow<\/jats:italic>\n            promoter and either the upstream or the downstream tissue-specific enhancers. Whereas the\n            <jats:italic>gypsy<\/jats:italic>\n            insulator blocked the function of the upstream enhancers at the endogenous location, the downstream enhancers were not blocked. Investigation of the 1A region revealed two clustered Su(Hw)-binding sites downstream of the\n            <jats:italic>yellow<\/jats:italic>\n            gene, named 1A-2, that bind Su(Hw)\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            and possess enhancer blocking function. We propose that interaction between 1A-2 and the\n            <jats:italic>gypsy<\/jats:italic>\n            insulator permits activation of\n            <jats:italic>yellow<\/jats:italic>\n            expression by enhancers in the neighboring\n            <jats:italic>achaete<\/jats:italic>\n            -\n            <jats:italic>scute<\/jats:italic>\n            complex, causing an apparent absence of the block of the downstream\n            <jats:italic>yellow<\/jats:italic>\n            enhancers. Based on these data, we suggest that 1A-2 is an endogenous Su(Hw) insulator that separates regulatory domains within the\n            <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n            genome.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2333111100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,16]],"date-time":"2003-11-16T20:42:47Z","timestamp":1069015367000},"page":"13436-13441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["An endogenous Suppressor of Hairy-wing insulator separates regulatory domains in\n            <i>Drosophila<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Parnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242"}]},{"given":"Michaela M.","family":"Viering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Skjesol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Helou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242"}]},{"given":"Emily J.","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242"}]},{"given":"Pamela K.","family":"Geyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(03)00039-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)01004-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/21.11.2568"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-4924-1-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.954702"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05675.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/141.3.1061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90318-S"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)80052-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.6.10.1865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.12.5.2424-2431.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.11.4.1894-1900.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/148.1.331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.14.4035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.10.2315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.9.2224"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.2.11.1414"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00260865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.10.2518"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.14.4807-4817.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90031-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5503.493"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5503.495"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/84905"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/144.2.715"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.3.253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.7.10.1966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.12.3.928-935.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"Wallrath L. 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