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Here we report that, at concentrations known to occur\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            , neuroactive steroids specifically enhance a tonic inhibitory conductance in central neurons that is mediated by extrasynaptic \u03b4 subunit-containing GABA\n            <jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\n            Rs. The neurosteroid-induced augmentation of this tonic conductance decreases neuronal excitability. Fluctuations in the circulating concentrations of endogenous neuroactive steroids have been implicated in the genesis of premenstrual syndrome, postpartum depression, and other anxiety disorders. Recognition that \u03b4 subunit-containing GABA\n            <jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\n            Rs responsible for a tonic conductance are a preferential target for neuroactive steroids may lead to novel pharmacological approaches for the treatment of these common conditions.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2435457100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,25]],"date-time":"2003-11-25T20:59:06Z","timestamp":1069793946000},"page":"14439-14444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":680,"title":["Neuroactive steroids reduce neuronal excitability by selectively enhancing tonic inhibition mediated by \u03b4 subunit-containing GABA\n            <sub>A<\/sub>\n            receptors"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Brandon M.","family":"Stell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and Physiology, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and Department of Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Stephen G.","family":"Brickley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and Physiology, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and Department of Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"C. 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