{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T11:57:32Z","timestamp":1779191852917,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"25","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The Engrailed Homeodomain protein has the highest refolding and\n unfolding rate constants directly observed to date. Temperature jump\n relaxation measurements gave a refolding rate constant of 37,500\n s\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            in water at 25\u00b0C, rising to 51,000 s\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            around 42\u00b0C. The unfolding rate constant was 1,100 s\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            in water at 25\u00b0C and 205,000 s\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            at 63\u00b0C. The\n unfolding half-life is extrapolated to be \u22487.5 ns at 100\u00b0C, which\n allows real-time molecular dynamics unfolding simulations to be tested\n on this system at a realistic temperature. Preliminary simulations did\n indeed conform to unfolding on this time scale. Further, similar\n transition states were observed in simulations at 100\u00b0C and 225\u00b0C,\n suggesting that high-temperature simulations provide results applicable\n to lower temperatures.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.250473497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:44:19Z","timestamp":1027694659000},"page":"13518-13522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":290,"title":["Protein folding and unfolding in microseconds to nanoseconds by experiment and simulation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Ugo","family":"Mayor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Centre for Protein Engineering and\r Cambridge University Chemical Laboratory, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2\r 2QH, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicinal\r Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 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