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Here we demonstrate considerably higher genetic polymorphism and extremely rapid evolution of the\n            <jats:italic>kaiABC<\/jats:italic>\n            gene family in a filamentous cyanobacterium,\n            <jats:italic>Nostoc linckia<\/jats:italic>\n            , permanently exposed to the acute natural environmental stress in the two microsite evolutionary models known as \u201cEvolution Canyons,\u201d I (Mount Carmel) and II (Upper Galilee) in Israel. The family consists of five distinct subfamilies (\n            <jats:italic>kaiI\u2013kaiV<\/jats:italic>\n            ) comprising at least 20 functional genes and pseudogenes. The obtained data suggest that the duplications of\n            <jats:italic>kai<\/jats:italic>\n            genes have adaptive significance, and some of them are evolutionarily quite recent (\u224880,000 years ago). The observed patterns of within- and between-subfamily polymorphisms indicate that positive diversifying, balancing, and purifying selections are the principal driving forces of the\n            <jats:italic>kai<\/jats:italic>\n            gene family's evolution.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.261699498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:36:44Z","timestamp":1027694204000},"page":"2082-2087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Long-term microclimatic stress causes rapid adaptive radiation of\n            <i>kaiABC<\/i>\n            clock gene family in a cyanobacterium,\n            <i>Nostoc linckia<\/i>\n            , from \u201cEvolution Canyons\u201d I and II, Israel"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Volodymyr","family":"Dvornyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, 31905 Haifa, Israel; and N.G. 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