{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T14:58:19Z","timestamp":1781103499974,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Proton\/sulfate cotransporters in the plasma membranes are responsible for uptake of the environmental sulfate used in the sulfate assimilation pathway in plants. Here we report the cloning and characterization of an\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene,\n                    <jats:italic>AST68<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a new member of the sulfate transporter gene family in higher plants. Sequence analysis of cDNA and genomic clones of\n                    <jats:italic>AST68<\/jats:italic>\n                    revealed that the\n                    <jats:italic>AST68<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene is composed of 10 exons encoding a 677-aa polypeptide (74.1 kDa) that is able to functionally complement a\n                    <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant lacking a sulfate transporter gene. Southern hybridization and restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping confirmed that\n                    <jats:italic>AST68<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a single-copy gene that maps to the top arm of chromosome 5. Northern hybridization analysis of sulfate-starved plants indicated that the steady-state mRNA abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>AST68<\/jats:italic>\n                    increased specifically in roots up to 9-fold by sulfate starvation.\n                    <jats:italic>In situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybridization experiments revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>AST68<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcripts were accumulated in the central cylinder of sulfate-starved roots, but not in the xylem, endodermis, cortex, and epidermis. Among all the structural genes for sulfate assimilation, sulfate transporter (\n                    <jats:italic>AST68<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), APS reductase (\n                    <jats:italic>APR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and serine acetyltransferase (\n                    <jats:italic>SAT1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were inducible by sulfate starvation in\n                    <jats:italic>A. thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The sulfate transporter (\n                    <jats:italic>AST68<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) exhibited the most intensive and specific response in roots, indicating that\n                    <jats:italic>AST68<\/jats:italic>\n                    plays a central role in the regulation of sulfate assimilation in plants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.20.11102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:31:44Z","timestamp":1027679504000},"page":"11102-11107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":286,"title":["Regulation of sulfur assimilation in higher plants: A sulfate transporter induced in sulfate-starved roots plays  a central role in\n                    <i>Arabidopsis\u2009thaliana<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Hideki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Research Center of Medicinal Resources, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263, Japan; Laboratorium voor Genetica, Department of Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Universiteit Gent, B-9000, Gent, Belgium; Center for Agricultural Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0231; and Laboratoire Associ\u00e9 de l\u2019Institut National de la Recherche..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mami","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Research Center of Medicinal Resources, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263, Japan; Laboratorium voor Genetica, Department of Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Universiteit Gent, B-9000, Gent, Belgium; Center for Agricultural Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0231; and Laboratoire Associ\u00e9 de l\u2019Institut National de la Recherche..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Sasakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Research Center of Medicinal Resources, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263, Japan; Laboratorium voor Genetica, Department of Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Universiteit Gent, B-9000, Gent, Belgium; Center for Agricultural Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0231; and Laboratoire Associ\u00e9 de l\u2019Institut National de la Recherche..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Research Center of Medicinal Resources, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263, Japan; Laboratorium voor Genetica, Department of Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Universiteit Gent, B-9000, Gent, Belgium; Center for Agricultural Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0231; and Laboratoire Associ\u00e9 de l\u2019Institut National de la Recherche..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Leustek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Research Center of Medicinal Resources, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263, Japan; Laboratorium voor Genetica, Department of Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Universiteit Gent, B-9000, Gent, Belgium; Center for Agricultural Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0231; and Laboratoire Associ\u00e9 de l\u2019Institut National de la Recherche..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice de Almeida","family":"Engler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Research Center of Medicinal Resources, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263, Japan; Laboratorium voor Genetica, Department of Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Universiteit Gent, B-9000, Gent, Belgium; Center for Agricultural Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0231; and Laboratoire Associ\u00e9 de l\u2019Institut National de la Recherche..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Engler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Research Center of Medicinal Resources, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263, Japan; Laboratorium voor Genetica, Department of Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Universiteit Gent, B-9000, Gent, Belgium; Center for Agricultural Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0231; and Laboratoire Associ\u00e9 de l\u2019Institut National de la Recherche..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Van Montagu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Research Center of Medicinal Resources, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263, Japan; Laboratorium voor Genetica, Department of Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Universiteit Gent, B-9000, Gent, Belgium; Center for Agricultural Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0231; and Laboratoire Associ\u00e9 de l\u2019Institut National de la Recherche..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Research Center of Medicinal Resources, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263, Japan; 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