{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T05:34:51Z","timestamp":1771479291345,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"16","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            We compared the transient increase of Ca\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            in single spines on basal dendrites of rat neocortical layer 5 pyramidal neurons evoked by subthreshold excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and back-propagating action potentials (APs) by using calcium fluorescence imaging. AP-evoked Ca\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            transients were detected in both the spines and in the adjacent dendritic shaft, whereas Ca\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            transients evoked by single EPSPs were largely restricted to a single active spine head. Calcium transients elicited in the active spines by a single AP or EPSP, in spines up to 80 \u03bcm for the soma, were of comparable amplitude. The Ca\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            transient in an active spine evoked by pairing an EPSP and a back-propagating AP separated by a time interval of 50 ms was larger if the AP followed the EPSP than if it preceded it. This difference reflected supra- and sublinear summation of Ca\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            transients, respectively. A comparable dependence of spinous Ca\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            transients on relative timing was observed also when short bursts of APs and EPSPs were paired. These results indicate that the amplitude of the spinous Ca\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            transients during coincident pre- and postsynaptic activity depended critically on the relative order of subthreshold EPSPs and back-propagating APs. Thus, in neocortical neurons the amplitude of spinous Ca\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            transients could encode small time differences between pre- and postsynaptic activity.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:39:15Z","timestamp":1027694355000},"page":"9596-9601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":282,"title":["Calcium dynamics in single spines during coincident pre- and postsynaptic activity depend on relative timing of back-propagating action potentials and subthreshold excitatory postsynaptic potentials"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Helmut J.","family":"Koester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Sakmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5297.209"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5297.213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/354073a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019838"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7904774"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.18.8279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90269-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/375682a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/373155a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480250303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.78.1.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2845577"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/361031a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80122-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.1997.1480707.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1997.sp022031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(96)79653-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp020902"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp020708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp020521"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3495885"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5262.716"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-02-00674.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021603"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/307462a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/309261a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/363"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/382807a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","first-page":"55P","volume":"509","author":"Koester H J","year":"1998","unstructured":"H J Koester, B Sakmann J Physiol (London) 509P, 55P, (abstr.). (1998).","journal-title":"J Physiol (London)"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9596","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T20:43:16Z","timestamp":1649882596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9596"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9596","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1998-06-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-08-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}