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Phylogenetic analysis of the\n            <jats:italic>SNRPN<\/jats:italic>\n            (SmN) mRNA in five eutherian mammals reveals a second highly conserved coding sequence, termed\n            <jats:italic>SNURF<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>SNRPN u<\/jats:italic>\n            pstream\n            <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n            eading\n            <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\n            rame). The vast majority of nucleotide substitutions in\n            <jats:italic>SNURF<\/jats:italic>\n            occur in the wobble codon position, providing strong evolutionary evidence for selection for protein-coding function. Because\n            <jats:italic>SNURF\u2013SNRPN<\/jats:italic>\n            maps to human chromosome 15q11\u2013q13 and is paternally expressed, each cistron is a candidate for a role in the imprinted Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and PWS mouse models.\n            <jats:italic>SNURF<\/jats:italic>\n            encodes a highly basic 71-aa protein that is nuclear-localized (as is SmN). Because\n            <jats:italic>SNURF<\/jats:italic>\n            is the only protein-coding sequence within the imprinting regulatory region in 15q11\u2013q13, it may have provided the original selection for imprinting in this domain. Whereas some human tissues express a minor\n            <jats:italic>SNURF<\/jats:italic>\n            -only transcript, mouse tissues express only the bicistronic\n            <jats:italic>Snurf\u2013Snrpn<\/jats:italic>\n            transcript. We show that both\n            <jats:italic>SNURF<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>SNRPN<\/jats:italic>\n            are translated in normal, but not PWS, human, and mouse tissues and cell lines. These findings identify SNURF as a protein that is produced along with SmN from a bicistronic transcript; polycistronic mRNAs therefore are encoded in mammalian genomes where they may form functional operons.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:35:07Z","timestamp":1027694107000},"page":"5616-5621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["An imprinted, mammalian bicistronic transcript encodes two independent proteins"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Todd A.","family":"Gray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH 44106; and Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Saitoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH 44106; and Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Nicholls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH 44106; and Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.31.1.493","volume":"31","author":"Bartolomei M S","year":"1997","unstructured":"M S Bartolomei, S M Tilghman Annu Rev Genet 31, 493\u2013525 (1997).","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.34.11.917","volume":"34","author":"Cassidy S B","year":"1997","unstructured":"S B Cassidy J Med Genet 34, 917\u2013923 (1997).","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01432-2","volume":"14","author":"Nicholls R D","year":"1998","unstructured":"R D Nicholls, S Saitoh, B Horsthemke Trends Genet 14, 194\u2013200 (1998).","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)42475-1","volume":"267","author":"Schmauss C","year":"1992","unstructured":"C Schmauss, M L Brines, M R Lerner J Biol Chem 267, 8521\u20138529 (1992).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0994-52","volume":"8","author":"Sutcliffe J S","year":"1994","unstructured":"J S Sutcliffe, M Nakao, S Christian, K H \u00d6rstavik, N Tommerup, D H Ledbetter, A L Beaudet Nat Genet 8, 52\u201358 (1994).","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0495-395","volume":"9","author":"Buiting K","year":"1995","unstructured":"K Buiting, S Saitoh, S Gross, B Dittrich, S Schwartz, R D Nicholls, B Horsthemke Nat Genet 9, 395\u2013400 (1995).","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1007\/s003359900868","volume":"9","author":"Gabriel J M","year":"1998","unstructured":"J M Gabriel, T A Gray, L Stubbs, S Saitoh, T Ohta, R D Nicholls Mamm Genome 9, 788\u2013793 (1998).","journal-title":"Mamm Genome"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","first-page":"335","volume":"58","author":"Glenn C C","year":"1996","unstructured":"C C Glenn, S Saitoh, M T Jong, M M Filbrandt, U Surti, D J Driscoll, R D Nicholls Am J Hum Genet 58, 335\u2013346 (1996).","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1292-265","volume":"2","author":"\u00d6z\u00e7elik T","year":"1992","unstructured":"T \u00d6z\u00e7elik, S Leff, W Robinson, T Donlon, M Lalande, E Sanjines, A Schinzel, U Francke Nat Genet 2, 265\u2013269 (1992).","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1086\/302233","volume":"64","author":"Ohta T","year":"1999","unstructured":"T Ohta, T A Gray, K Buiting, J M Gabriel, P K Rogan, S Saitoh, G Deng, I Ishikawa, R Weksberg, D J Driscoll, et al. 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