{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T10:54:00Z","timestamp":1792148040212,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a Gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming bacterium that causes life-threatening gas gangrene and mild enterotoxaemia in humans, although it colonizes as normal intestinal flora of humans and animals. The organism is known to produce a variety of toxins and enzymes that are responsible for the severe myonecrotic lesions. Here we report the complete 3,031,430-bp sequence of\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain 13 that comprises 2,660 protein coding regions and 10 rRNA genes, showing pronounced low overall G + C content (28.6%). The genome contains typical anaerobic fermentation enzymes leading to gas production but no enzymes for the tricarboxylic acid cycle or respiratory chain. Various saccharolytic enzymes were found, but many enzymes for amino acid biosynthesis were lacking in the genome. Twenty genes were newly identified as putative virulence factors of\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and we found a total of five hyaluronidase genes that will also contribute to virulence. The genome analysis also proved an efficient method for finding four members of the two-component VirR\/VirS regulon that coordinately regulates the pathogenicity of\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Clearly,\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    obtains various essential materials from the host by producing several degradative enzymes and toxins, resulting in massive destruction of the host tissues.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.022493799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:36:44Z","timestamp":1027679804000},"page":"996-1001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":625,"title":["Complete genome sequence of\n                    <i>Clostridium perfringens<\/i>\n                    , an anaerobic flesh-eater"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Tohru","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Hitachi Instruments Service Company, Limited, Yotsuya, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0004, Japan; School of Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan; Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Ikoma 630-0101,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaori","family":"Ohtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Hitachi Instruments Service Company, Limited, Yotsuya, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0004, Japan; School of Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan; Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Ikoma 630-0101,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Hirakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Hitachi Instruments Service Company, Limited, Yotsuya, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0004, Japan; School of Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan; Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Ikoma 630-0101,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenshiro","family":"Ohshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Hitachi Instruments Service Company, Limited, Yotsuya, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0004, Japan; School of Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan; Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Ikoma 630-0101,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Hitachi Instruments Service Company, Limited, Yotsuya, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0004, Japan; School of Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan; Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Ikoma 630-0101,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadayoshi","family":"Shiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Hitachi Instruments Service Company, Limited, Yotsuya, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0004, Japan; School of Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan; Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Ikoma 630-0101,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naotake","family":"Ogasawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Hitachi Instruments Service Company, Limited, Yotsuya, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0004, Japan; School of Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan; Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Ikoma 630-0101,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahira","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Hitachi Instruments Service Company, Limited, Yotsuya, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0004, Japan; School of Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan; Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Ikoma 630-0101,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Kuhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Hitachi Instruments Service Company, Limited, Yotsuya, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0004, Japan; School of Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan; Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Ikoma 630-0101,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideo","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; Hitachi Instruments Service Company, Limited, Yotsuya, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0004, Japan; School of Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan; Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Ikoma 630-0101,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(80)90031-5","volume":"10","author":"McDonel J L","year":"1980","unstructured":"J L McDonel Pharmacol Ther 10, 617\u2013635 (1980).","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.1.66","volume":"3","author":"Hatheway C L","year":"1990","unstructured":"C L Hatheway Clin Microbiol Rev 3, 66\u201398 (1990).","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(98)01430-9","volume":"7","author":"Petit L","year":"1999","unstructured":"L Petit, M Gibert, M R Popoff Trends Microbiol 7, 104\u2013110 (1999).","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.52.1.333","volume":"52","author":"Rood J I","year":"1998","unstructured":"J I Rood Annu Rev Microbiol 52, 333\u2013360 (1998).","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.55.4.621-648.1991","volume":"55","author":"Rood J I","year":"1991","unstructured":"J I Rood, S T Cole Microbiol Rev 55, 621\u2013648 (1991).","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6676","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.17.6676","volume":"86","author":"Canard B","year":"1989","unstructured":"B Canard, S T Cole Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86, 6676\u20136680 (1989).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5680","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.19.5680-5685.1995","volume":"177","author":"Katayama S-I","year":"1995","unstructured":"S-I Katayama, B Dupuy, T Garnier, S T Cole J Bacteriol 177, 5680\u20135685 (1995).","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012595020-6\/50028-0","volume-title":"The Clostridia: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis","author":"Shimizu T","year":"1997","unstructured":"T Shimizu, A Okabe, J I Rood The Clostridia: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis, eds J I Rood, G Songer, B A McClane, R W Titball (Academic, London), pp. 451\u2013470 (1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1139\/m76-138","volume":"22","author":"Mahony D E","year":"1976","unstructured":"D E Mahony, T J Moore Can J Microbiol 22, 953\u2013959 (1976).","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4823","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.16.4823-4838.2001","volume":"183","author":"Nolling J","year":"2001","unstructured":"J Nolling, G Breton, M V Omelchenko, K S Makarova, Q Zeng, R Gibson, H M Lee, J Dubois, D Qiu, J Hitti, et al. J Bacteriol 183, 4823\u20134838 (2001).","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2001.tb01278.x","volume":"45","author":"Shimizu T","year":"2001","unstructured":"T Shimizu, S Ohshima, K Ohtani, T Shimizu, H Hayashi Microbiol Immunol 45, 179\u2013189 (2001).","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1078\/0723-2020-00024","volume":"24","author":"Shimizu T","year":"2001","unstructured":"T Shimizu, S Ohshima, K Ohtani, K Hoshino, K Honjo, H Hayashi, T Shimizu Syst Appl Microbiol 24, 149\u2013156 (2001).","journal-title":"Syst Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389","volume":"25","author":"Altschul S F","year":"1997","unstructured":"S F Altschul, T L Madden, A A Schaffer, J Zhang, Z Zhang, W Miller, D J Lipman Nucleic Acids Res 25, 3389\u20133402 (1997).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.5.955","volume":"25","author":"Lowe T M","year":"1997","unstructured":"T M Lowe, S R Eddy Nucleic Acids Res 25, 955\u2013964 (1997).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.64.670","volume":"64","author":"Sakiyama T","year":"2000","unstructured":"T Sakiyama, H Takami, N Ogasawara, S Kuhara, T Kozuki, K Doga, A Ohyama, K Horikoshi Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 64, 670\u2013673 (2000).","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Biochem"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/15.12.987","volume":"15","author":"Yada T","year":"1999","unstructured":"T Yada, M Nakao, Y Totoki, K Nakai Bioinformatics 15, 987\u2013993 (1999).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.8.2444","volume":"85","author":"Pearson W R","year":"1988","unstructured":"W R Pearson, D J Lipman Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85, 2444\u20132448 (1988).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(98)01336-X","volume":"24","author":"Nakai K","year":"1999","unstructured":"K Nakai, P Horton Trends Biochem Sci 24, 34\u201336 (1999).","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025626","volume":"13","author":"Lobry J R","year":"1996","unstructured":"J R Lobry Mol Biol Evol 13, 660\u2013665 (1996).","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00006428","volume":"47","author":"McLean M J","year":"1998","unstructured":"M J McLean, K H Wolfe, K M Devine J Mol Evol 47, 691\u2013696 (1998).","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","first-page":"2118","volume-title":"Escherichia coli and Salmonella","author":"Riley M","year":"1996","unstructured":"M Riley, B Labedan Escherichia coli and Salmonella, ed F C Neidhardt (Am. Soc. Microbiol, Washington, DC), pp. 2118\u20132202 (1996)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"1104","volume-title":"Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology","author":"Sneath P H A","year":"1986","unstructured":"P H A Sneath Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology, eds P H A Sneath, N S Mair, M E Sharpe, J G Holt (Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore) 2, 1104\u20131207 (1986)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00764.x","volume":"28","author":"Linton K J","year":"1998","unstructured":"K J Linton, C F Higgins Mol Microbiol 28, 5\u201313 (1998).","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.2624","volume":"287","author":"Quentin Y","year":"1999","unstructured":"Y Quentin, G Fichant, F Denizot J Mol Biol 287, 467\u2013484 (1999).","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00550.x","volume":"24","author":"Braibant M","year":"2000","unstructured":"M Braibant, P Gilot, J Content FEMS Microbiol Rev 24, 449\u2013467 (2000).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/36786","volume":"390","author":"Kunst F","year":"1997","unstructured":"F Kunst, N Ogasawara, I Moszer, A M Albertini, G Alloni, V Azevedo, M G Bertero, P Bessieres, A Bolotin, S Borchert, et al. Nature (London) 390, 249\u2013256 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-49-10-887","volume":"49","author":"Gilot P","year":"2000","unstructured":"P Gilot, Y Jossin, J Content J Med Microbiol 49, 887\u2013896 (2000).","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00276893","volume":"240","author":"Dargatz H","year":"1993","unstructured":"H Dargatz, T Diefenthal, V Witte, G Reipen, D von Wettstein Mol Gen Genet 240, 140\u2013145 (1993).","journal-title":"Mol Gen Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(97)00493-9","volume":"203","author":"Gibert M","year":"1997","unstructured":"M Gibert, C Jolivet-Reynaud, M R Popoff, C Jolivet-Renaud Gene 203, 65\u201373 (1997).","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(00)00070-9","volume":"3","author":"Hoch J A","year":"2000","unstructured":"J A Hoch Curr Opin Microbiol 3, 165\u2013170 (2000).","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.9.2514-2520.1996","volume":"178","author":"Ba-Thein W","year":"1996","unstructured":"W Ba-Thein, M Lyristis, K Ohtani, I T Nisbet, H Hayashi, J I Rood, T Shimizu J Bacteriol 178, 2514\u20132520 (1996).","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01760.x","volume":"35","author":"Banu S","year":"2000","unstructured":"S Banu, K Ohtani, H Yaguchi, T Swe, S T Cole, H Hayashi, T Shimizu Mol Microbiol 35, 854\u2013864 (2000).","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01063.x","volume":"12","author":"Lyristis M","year":"1994","unstructured":"M Lyristis, A E Bryant, J Sloan, M M Awad, I T Nisbet, D L Stevens, J I Rood Mol Microbiol 12, 761\u2013777 (1994).","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.6.1616-1623.1994","volume":"176","author":"Shimizu T","year":"1994","unstructured":"T Shimizu, W Ba-Thein, M Tamaki, H Hayashi J Bacteriol 176, 1616\u20131623 (1994).","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.1.57-66.2000","volume":"182","author":"Cheung J K","year":"2000","unstructured":"J K Cheung, J I Rood J Bacteriol 182, 57\u201366 (2000).","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08958.x","volume":"183","author":"Hynes W L","year":"2000","unstructured":"W L Hynes, S L Walton FEMS Microbiol Lett 183, 201\u2013207 (2000).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(99)00025-9","volume":"2","author":"Bassler B L","year":"1999","unstructured":"B L Bassler Curr Opin Microbiol 2, 582\u2013587 (1999).","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/37551","volume":"390","author":"Fraser C M","year":"1997","unstructured":"C M Fraser, S Casjens, W M Huang, G G Sutton, R Clayton, R Lathigra, O White, K A Ketchum, R Dodson, E K Hickey, et al. Nature (London) 390, 580\u2013586 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/35001088","volume":"403","author":"Parkhill J","year":"2000","unstructured":"J Parkhill, B W Wren, K Mungall, J M Ketley, C Churcher, D Basham, T Chillingworth, R M Davies, T Feltwell, S Holroyd, et al. Nature (London) 403, 665\u2013668 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5331.1453","volume":"277","author":"Blattner F R","year":"1997","unstructured":"F R Blattner, G Plunkett, C A Bloch, N T Perna, V Burland, M Riley, J Collado-Vides, J D Glasner, C K Rode, G F Mayhew, et al. Science 277, 1453\u20131474 (1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.169701","volume":"11","author":"Bolotin A","year":"2001","unstructured":"A Bolotin, P Wincker, S Mauger, O Jaillon, K Malarme, J Weissenbach, S D Ehrlich, A Sorokin Genome Res 11, 731\u2013753 (2001).","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/35059006","volume":"409","author":"Cole S T","year":"2001","unstructured":"S T Cole, K Eiglmeier, J Parkhill, K D James, N R Thomson, P R Wheeler, N Honore, T Garnier, C Churcher, D Harris, et al. Nature (London) 409, 1007\u20131011 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/31159","volume":"393","author":"Cole S T","year":"1998","unstructured":"S T Cole, R Brosch, J Parkhill, T Garnier, C Churcher, D Harris, S V Gordon, K Eiglmeier, S Gas, C E Barry, et al. Nature (London) 393, 537\u2013544 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/35006655","volume":"404","author":"Parkhill J","year":"2000","unstructured":"J Parkhill, M Achtman, K D James, S D Bentley, C Churcher, S R Klee, G Morelli, D Basham, D Brown, T Chillingworth, et al. Nature (London) 404, 502\u2013506 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/35023079","volume":"406","author":"Stover C K","year":"2000","unstructured":"C K Stover, X Q Pham, A L Erwin, S D Mizoguchi, P Warrener, M J Hickey, F S Brinkman, W O Hufnagle, D J Kowalik, M Lagrou, et al. Nature (London) 406, 959\u2013964 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04403-2","volume":"357","author":"Kuroda M","year":"2001","unstructured":"M Kuroda, T Ohta, I Uchiyama, T Baba, H Yuzawa, I Kobayashi, L Cui, A Oguchi, K Aoki, Y Nagai, et al. Lancet 357, 1225\u20131240 (2001).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4658","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071559398","volume":"98","author":"Ferretti J J","year":"2001","unstructured":"J J Ferretti, W M McShan, D Ajdic, D J Savic, G Savic, K Lyon, C Primeaux, S Sezate, A N Suvorov, S Kenton, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, 4658\u20134663 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5375.375","volume":"281","author":"Fraser C M","year":"1998","unstructured":"C M Fraser, S J Norris, G M Weinstock, O White, G G Sutton, R Dodson, M Gwinn, E K Hickey, R Clayton, K A Ketchum, et al. Science 281, 375\u2013388 (1998).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/35020000","volume":"406","author":"Heidelberg J F","year":"2000","unstructured":"J F Heidelberg, J A Eisen, W C Nelson, R A Clayton, M L Gwinn, R J Dodson, D H Haft, E K Hickey, J D Peterson, L Umayam, et al. Nature (London) 406, 477\u2013483 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature (London)"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.022493799","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T01:57:57Z","timestamp":1654567077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.022493799"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,15]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.022493799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.022493799","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2001-09-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-01-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}