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Bilateral cholinergic cell lesions of the NBM were induced in rats with infusions of 192 IgG-saporin (0.1 \u03bcg\/0.5 \u03bcl per side). Additionally, cannulae were implanted bilaterally in the BLA. One week after surgery, the rats were trained in an inhibitory avoidance task and, immediately after training, norepinephrine (0.3 \u03bcg, 1.0 \u03bcg, or 3.0 \u03bcg in 0.2 \u03bcl) or vehicle (PBS) was infused bilaterally into the BLA. Norepinephrine infusions produced a dose-dependent enhancement of 48-h retention (0.3 \u03bcg and 1.0 \u03bcg doses enhanced) in nonlesioned rats but did not affect retention in NBM-lesioned rats. Choline acetyltransferase assays of frontal and occipital cortices confirmed the NBM lesions. 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