{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:36:31Z","timestamp":1792100191952,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To understand spoken language requires that the brain provides rapid access to different kinds of knowledge, including the sounds and meanings of words, and syntax. Syntax specifies constraints on combining words in a grammatically well formed manner. Agrammatic patients are deficient in their ability to use these constraints, due to a lesion in the perisylvian area of the language-dominant hemisphere. We report a study on real-time auditory sentence processing in agrammatic comprehenders, examining their ability to accommodate damage to the language system. We recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in agrammatic comprehenders, nonagrammatic aphasics, and age-matched controls. When listening to sentences with grammatical violations, the agrammatic aphasics did not show the same syntax-related ERP effect as the two other subject groups. Instead, the waveforms of the agrammatic aphasics were dominated by a meaning-related ERP effect, presumably reflecting their attempts to achieve understanding by the use of semantic constraints. These data demonstrate that although agrammatic aphasics are impaired in their ability to exploit syntactic information in real time, they can reduce the consequences of a syntactic deficit by exploiting a semantic route. They thus provide evidence for the compensation of a syntactic deficit by a stronger reliance on another route in mapping sound onto meaning. This is a form of plasticity that we refer to as multiple-route plasticity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0230613100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]],"date-time":"2003-04-01T14:25:08Z","timestamp":1049207108000},"page":"4340-4345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Real-time semantic compensation in patients with agrammatic comprehension: Electrophysiological evidence for multiple-route plasticity"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Hagoort","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"F. C. Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, 6525 EK Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlies","family":"Wassenaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F. C. Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, 6525 EK Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F. C. Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, 6525 EK Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01690969308407585"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7350657"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Handbook of Psycholinguistics","author":"Kutas M","year":"1994","unstructured":"M Kutas, C K Van Petten Handbook of Psycholinguistics, ed M A Gernsbacher (Academic, San Diego), pp. 83\u2013143 (1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(92)90039-Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing","author":"Brown C M","year":"2000","unstructured":"C M Brown, P Hagoort Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing, eds M Crocker, M Pickering, C Clifton (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.), pp. 213\u2013217 (2000)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.25.2.394"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Aphasietherapie im Wandel","author":"Brown C M","year":"1996","unstructured":"C M Brown, P Hagoort, T Y Swaab Aphasietherapie im Wandel, eds W Widdig, I M Ohlendorf, J-P Malin (Hochschul Verlag, Freiburg, Germany), pp. 89\u2013122 (1996)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.2.627"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.1.39"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(97)00174-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/016909699386356"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0048577299971196"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)00133-A"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892998563121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-6410(93)90026-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(83)90015-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511620676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","volume-title":"Disorders of Syntactic Comprehension","author":"Caplan D","year":"1988","unstructured":"D Caplan, N Hildebrandt Disorders of Syntactic Comprehension (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1988)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","volume-title":"De Akense Afasie Test","author":"Graetz P","year":"1992","unstructured":"P Graetz, R De Bleser, K Willmes De Akense Afasie Test (Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, The Netherlands, 1992)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"43","volume":"7","author":"Huber W","year":"1993","unstructured":"W Huber, G Klingenberg, K Poeck, K Willmes Neurolinguistik 7, 43\u201366 (1993).","journal-title":"Neurolinguistik"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(83)90135-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(00)00052-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70780-9"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0230613100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T08:47:05Z","timestamp":1649753225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0230613100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,17]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0230613100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0230613100","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-02-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-01-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-03-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}