{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:37:40Z","timestamp":1790199460412,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Ultraviolet-B (UVB) (290\u2013320 nm) radiation-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers within the DNA of epidermal cells are detrimental to human health by causing mutations and immunosuppressive effects that presumably contribute to photocarcinogenesis. Conventional photoprotection by sunscreens is exclusively prophylactic in nature and of no value once DNA damage has occurred. In this paper, we have therefore assessed whether it is possible to repair UVB radiation-induced DNA damage through topical application of the DNA-repair enzyme photolyase, derived from\n                    <jats:italic>Anacystis nidulans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , that specifically converts cyclobutane dimers into their original DNA structure after exposure to photoreactivating light. When a dose of UVB radiation sufficient to induce erythema was administered to the skin of healthy subjects, significant numbers of dimers were formed within epidermal cells. Topical application of photolyase-containing liposomes to UVB-irradiated skin and subsequent exposure to photoreactivating light decreased the number of UVB radiation-induced dimers by 40\u201345%. No reduction was observed if the liposomes were not filled with photolyase or if photoreactivating exposure preceded the application of filled liposomes. The UVB dose administered resulted in suppression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a molecule required for immunity and inflammatory events in the epidermis. In addition, in subjects hypersensitive to nickel sulfate, elicitation of the hypersensitivity reaction in irradiated skin areas was prevented. Photolyase-induced dimer repair completely prevented these UVB radiation-induced immunosuppressive effects as well as erythema and sunburn-cell formation. These studies demonstrate that topical application of photolyase is effective in dimer reversal and thereby leads to immunoprotection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.030528897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:37:36Z","timestamp":1027679856000},"page":"1790-1795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":250,"title":["Enzyme plus light therapy to repair DNA damage in ultraviolet-B-irradiated human skin"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Helger","family":"Stege","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany; Skin Effects Testing and Photobiology, Netherlands Central Organization for Applied Scientific Research Nutrition and Food Research Institute, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Len","family":"Roza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany; Skin Effects Testing and Photobiology, Netherlands Central Organization for Applied Scientific Research Nutrition and Food Research Institute, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arie A.","family":"Vink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany; Skin Effects Testing and Photobiology, Netherlands Central Organization for Applied Scientific Research Nutrition and Food Research Institute, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Grewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany; Skin Effects Testing and Photobiology, Netherlands Central Organization for Applied Scientific Research Nutrition and Food Research Institute, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Ruzicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany; Skin Effects Testing and Photobiology, Netherlands Central Organization for Applied Scientific Research Nutrition and Food Research Institute, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Grether-Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany; Skin Effects Testing and Photobiology, Netherlands Central Organization for Applied Scientific Research Nutrition and Food Research Institute, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Krutmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany; Skin Effects Testing and Photobiology, Netherlands Central Organization for Applied Scientific Research Nutrition and Food Research Institute, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(92)70233-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"1","volume":"30","author":"Elmets C A","year":"1996","unstructured":"C A Elmets, H Mukhtar Prog Dermatol 30, 1\u201316 (1996).","journal-title":"Prog Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.4.1117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.4.1491"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1998.tb09677.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0637-5_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-8777(90)90002-M"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.21.9732"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(93)80044-A"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(91)80022-A"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.10.4337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00006258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8777(97)00032-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"1598","volume-title":"Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine","author":"Pathak M A","year":"1999","unstructured":"M A Pathak, P Nghiem, T B Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, eds I M Freedberg, A Z Eisen, K Wolff, K F Austen, L A Goldsmith, S I Katz, T B Fitzpatrick (McGraw\u2013Hill, New York, NY), pp. 1598\u20131607 (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02873.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12475429"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12284016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Fisher's Contact Dermatitis","author":"Rietschel R L","year":"1995","unstructured":", eds R L Rietschel, J F Fowler (Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore) Fisher's Contact Dermatitis, pp. 11\u201332 (1995)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.10.1763"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.1996.tb00188.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","first-page":"49","volume-title":"The Skin Immune System","author":"Nickoloff B J","year":"1989","unstructured":"B J Nickoloff The Skin Immune System, ed J D Bos (CRC, Boca Raton, FL), pp. 49\u201374 (1989)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12477839"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.13.6837"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.18.8497"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00417336"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555566290294","volume":"66","author":"Sjovall P","year":"1986","unstructured":"P Sjovall, O B Christensen Acta Derm Venereol 66, 290\u2013294 (1986).","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12319200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.8.2409"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1991.tb03671.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7801121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1201827"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.7974"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.030528897","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T23:57:58Z","timestamp":1704326278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.030528897"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,31]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.030528897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.030528897","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1999-09-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1999-12-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2000-01-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}