{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T12:59:32Z","timestamp":1791032372787,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"15","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In studies of sexual mucosal transmission and early stages of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV infections, productive infection predominates in CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell populations, in both ostensibly resting and activated cells. The surprising ability of SIV and HIV to replicate in resting cells\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in contrast to propagation of infection\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , suggested a model in which during the early stages of infection these viruses exploit the greater availability of resting cells to maintain unbroken chains of transmission from an infected resting cell to another resting cell nearby. Because immune activation in response to infection provides more activated CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, these viruses take advantage of the greater efficiency of virus production and spread in activated cells for propagation and dissemination of infection. In this article, we report the results of experimental tests of this model, including visualization at the light microscopic level and direct analysis of virus production by cells in tissues. Analysis of tissues of rhesus macaques inoculated intravaginally or i.v. with SIV supports the proposed roles of target cell availability, susceptibility, and virus production by infected resting and activated CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells in mucosal transmission and early infection, and points to a potential role for topical anti-inflammatory agents in moderating the initial propagation of infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308425101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,2]],"date-time":"2004-04-02T21:53:25Z","timestamp":1080942805000},"page":"5640-5645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":188,"title":["Roles of substrate availability and infection of resting and activated CD4\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    T cells in transmission and acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Zhi-Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 196, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Department of Biostatistics, Division of School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, MMC 303, 2221 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and AIDS Vaccine Program, Science Applications International Corporation\u2013Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Building 535, Fifth Floor, Frederick, MD 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Wietgrefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 196, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Department of Biostatistics, Division of School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, MMC 303, 2221 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and AIDS Vaccine Program, Science Applications International Corporation\u2013Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Building 535, Fifth Floor, Frederick, MD 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingsheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 196, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Department of Biostatistics, Division of School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, MMC 303, 2221 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and AIDS Vaccine Program, Science Applications International Corporation\u2013Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Building 535, Fifth Floor, Frederick, MD 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta Dykhuizen","family":"Shore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 196, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Department of Biostatistics, Division of School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, MMC 303, 2221 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and AIDS Vaccine Program, Science Applications International Corporation\u2013Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Building 535, Fifth Floor, Frederick, MD 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijie","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 196, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Department of Biostatistics, Division of School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, MMC 303, 2221 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and AIDS Vaccine Program, Science Applications International Corporation\u2013Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Building 535, Fifth Floor, Frederick, MD 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cavan","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 196, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Department of Biostatistics, Division of School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, MMC 303, 2221 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and AIDS Vaccine Program, Science Applications International Corporation\u2013Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Building 535, Fifth Floor, Frederick, MD 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Lifson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 196, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Department of Biostatistics, Division of School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, MMC 303, 2221 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and AIDS Vaccine Program, Science Applications International Corporation\u2013Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Building 535, Fifth Floor, Frederick, MD 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley T.","family":"Haase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 196, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Department of Biostatistics, Division of School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, MMC 303, 2221 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and AIDS Vaccine Program, Science Applications International Corporation\u2013Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Building 535, Fifth Floor, Frederick, MD 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","unstructured":"UNAIDS\/WHO (2002) UNAIDS\/WHO Report December 2002 (UNAIDS\/WHO Geneva)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.10.4277-4284.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5443.1353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318524"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08274.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.4.1361"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.9.5659-5665.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.5.2977-2988.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.16.6058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1925601"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90802-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5362.427"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/368386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00217-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.3.1269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0437640100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0703-847"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2001.5058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1998.14.183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"Insitute for Laboratory Animal Research (1996) Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Natl. Acad. Press Washington DC)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.7.4650-4655.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5248.497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/384529a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.3.1659-1665.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214502388618735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5314.960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.10.7518-7525.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0496-412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80110-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5283.1856"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381661a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1955"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1997.0548"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200202150-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.625"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.658"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.1.113-120.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/418144a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)01063-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322780"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.3.588"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11079-8"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0308425101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T21:59:28Z","timestamp":1650923968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0308425101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,2]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0308425101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0308425101","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-01-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-04-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}