{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T14:26:41Z","timestamp":1793456801246,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We describe here the use of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF), an algorithm based on decomposition by parts that can reduce the dimension of expression data from thousands of genes to a handful of metagenes. Coupled with a model selection mechanism, adapted to work for any stochastic clustering algorithm, NMF is an efficient method for identification of distinct molecular patterns and provides a powerful method for class discovery. We demonstrate the ability of NMF to recover meaningful biological information from cancer-related microarray data. NMF appears to have advantages over other methods such as hierarchical clustering or self-organizing maps. We found it less sensitive to\n                    <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic>\n                    selection of genes or initial conditions and able to detect alternative or context-dependent patterns of gene expression in complex biological systems. This ability, similar to semantic polysemy in text, provides a general method for robust molecular pattern discovery.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308531101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,23]],"date-time":"2004-03-23T13:22:39Z","timestamp":1080048159000},"page":"4164-4169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1864,"title":["Metagenes and molecular pattern discovery using matrix factorization"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Brunet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA 02141; and Dana\u2013Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Tamayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA 02141; and Dana\u2013Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd R.","family":"Golub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA 02141; and Dana\u2013Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill P.","family":"Mesirov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA 02141; and Dana\u2013Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14863"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35000501"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35021093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.6.2907"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.531"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/18.4.566"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"research0059.1","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2002-3-11-research0059","volume":"3","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gasch, A. 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(2000) Proceedings of the Fourth Annual International Conference on Computational Molecular Biology RECOMB 2000 263\u2013272.","DOI":"10.1145\/332306.332564"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/415436a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.903503"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg1017"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0308531101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,15]],"date-time":"2024-12-15T12:15:53Z","timestamp":1734264953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0308531101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0308531101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0308531101","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1018626.211459","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2003-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-03-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}