{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:26:22Z","timestamp":1791329182473,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Adult bone marrow stem cells seem to differentiate into muscle, skin, liver, lung, and neuronal cells in rodents and have been shown to regenerate myocardium, hepatocytes, and skin and gastrointestinal epithelium in humans. Because we have demonstrated previously that transplanted bone marrow cells can enter the brain of mice and differentiate into neurons there, we decided to examine postmortem brain samples from females who had received bone marrow transplants from male donors. The underlying diseases of the patients were lymphocytic leukemia and genetic deficiency of the immune system, and they survived between 1 and 9 months after transplant. We used a combination of immunocytochemistry (utilizing neuron-specific antibodies) and fluorescent\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybridization histochemistry to search for Y chromosome-positive cells. In all four patients studied we found cells containing Y chromosomes in several brain regions. Most of them were nonneuronal (endothelial cells and cells in the white matter), but neurons were certainly labeled, especially in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The youngest patient (2 years old), who also lived the longest time after transplantation, had the greatest number of donor-derived neurons (7 in 10,000). The distribution of the labeled cells was not homogeneous. There were clusters of Y-positive cells, suggesting that single progenitor cells underwent clonal expansion and differentiation. We conclude that adult human bone marrow cells can enter the brain and generate neurons just as rodent cells do. Perhaps this phenomenon could be exploited to prevent the development or progression of neurodegenerative diseases or to repair tissue damaged by infarction or trauma.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0336479100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,4]],"date-time":"2003-02-04T12:24:41Z","timestamp":1044361481000},"page":"1364-1369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":446,"title":["Transplanted bone marrow generates new neurons in human brains"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"\u00c9va","family":"Mezey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)\/In situ Hybridization Facility (ISHF) and NIH\/National Institute of Mental Health\/Laboratory of Genetics (LOG), Building 36, 3D06, Bethesda, MD 20892; Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287; and NIH\/NINDS\/Instrument and Computer Section, Building 36, 2A03, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Key","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)\/In situ Hybridization Facility (ISHF) and NIH\/National Institute of Mental Health\/Laboratory of Genetics (LOG), Building 36, 3D06, Bethesda, MD 20892; Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287; and NIH\/NINDS\/Instrument and Computer Section, Building 36, 2A03, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Vogelsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)\/In situ Hybridization Facility (ISHF) and NIH\/National Institute of Mental Health\/Laboratory of Genetics (LOG), Building 36, 3D06, Bethesda, MD 20892; Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287; and NIH\/NINDS\/Instrument and Computer Section, Building 36, 2A03, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ildiko","family":"Szalayova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)\/In situ Hybridization Facility (ISHF) and NIH\/National Institute of Mental Health\/Laboratory of Genetics (LOG), Building 36, 3D06, Bethesda, MD 20892; Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287; and NIH\/NINDS\/Instrument and Computer Section, Building 36, 2A03, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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