{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:03:22Z","timestamp":1790420602796,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"14","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is surrounded by an antiphagocytic polypeptide capsule composed of poly \u03b3-\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    -glutamic acid (\u03b3DPGA). \u03b3DPGA has been identified recently as a potential target for vaccine development. Studies of the role of \u03b3DPGA in disease have been hampered by the poor Ab response to this antigen and the lack of immunochemical reagents. As a consequence, neither the extent of \u03b3DPGA production during anthrax nor the protective activity of \u03b3DPGA Abs in inhalation anthrax are known. Here we report production of IgG Abs to \u03b3DPGA in mice following an immunization regimen using \u03b3DPGA in combination with agonist mAbs to CD40. mAbs were produced that are specific for \u03b3DPGA. Passive immunization with \u03b3DPGA mAbs protected &gt;90% of mice in a pulmonary model of anthrax that was lethal in control mice (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001). Use of \u03b3DPGA mAb in an antigen detection immunoassay found that the appearance of \u03b3DPGA in serum coincided with the emergence of bacteremia. These studies identify CD40 stimulation as a means for production of Ab and generation of mAbs against a weakly immunogenic antigen and demonstrate that the capsule is an effective target for immunoprotection and for antigen detection in the diagnosis of anthrax.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401351101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,29]],"date-time":"2004-03-29T21:03:53Z","timestamp":1080594233000},"page":"5042-5047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["mAbs to\n                    <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n                    capsular antigen for immunoprotection in anthrax and detection of antigenemia"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Kozel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557; Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557; Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557; Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce R.","family":"Blazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557; Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Lovchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557; Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Thorkildson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557; Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Percival","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557; Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Rick","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557; Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909093411107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700730219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01137.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2000.00067.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.3.586-595.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.17.2236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)02226-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1633512100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1834478100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0198-088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)77349-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.76.5.499-503.1958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60111a017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/bbmt.2001.v7.pm11302547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.38.3.1203-1207.1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"903","volume":"10","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brandt, S., Thorkildson, P. & Kozel, T. R. (2003) Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 10, 903-909.12965925","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1948.tb00655.x","volume":"25","year":"1948","unstructured":"Ouchterlony, \u00d6. (1948) Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 25, 186-191.","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01710.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010604"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.20.2554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0202-114"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0401351101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T15:12:58Z","timestamp":1705072378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0401351101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,29]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0401351101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0401351101","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2003-12-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-03-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}