{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:55:22Z","timestamp":1790816122954,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"37","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Coxsackievirus A21 (CAV21) is classified within the species\n                    <jats:italic>Human enterovirus C<\/jats:italic>\n                    (HEV-C) of the\n                    <jats:italic>Enterovirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    genus of picornaviruses. HEV-C share striking homology with the polioviruses (PV), their closest kin among the enteroviruses. Despite a high level of sequence identity, CAV21 and PV cause distinct clinical disease typically attributed to their differential use of host receptors. PV cause poliomyelitis, whereas CAV21 shares a receptor and a propensity to cause upper respiratory tract infections with the major group rhinoviruses. As a model for CAV21 infection, we have developed transgenic mice that express human intercellular adhesion molecule 1, the cell-surface receptor for CAV21. Surprisingly, CAV21 administered to these mice via the intramuscular route causes a paralytic condition consistent with poliomyelitis. The virus appears to invade the CNS by retrograde axonal transport, as has been demonstrated to occur in analogous PV infections. We detected human intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression on both transgenic mouse and human spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons, indicating that members of HEV-C may share PV's potential to elicit poliomyelitis in humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403998101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,7]],"date-time":"2004-09-07T21:33:01Z","timestamp":1094592781000},"page":"13636-13641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["A nonpolio enterovirus with respiratory tropism causes poliomyelitis in intercellular adhesion molecule 1 transgenic mice"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Dufresne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Gromeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","first-page":"114","volume":"24","year":"1978","unstructured":"Grist, N. R., Bell, E. J. & Assaad, A. (1978) Prog. Med. Virol. 24, 114\u2013157.360295","journal-title":"Prog. Med. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Dalldorf G. & Melnick J. L. (1965) in Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man eds. Horsfall F. L & Tamm I. (Lippincott Philadelphia) 4th Ed. pp. 474\u2013512."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"King A. M. Q. Brown F. Christian P. Hovi T. Hyypia T. Knowles N. J. Lemon S. M. Minor P. D. Palmenberg A. C. Skern T. et al. (2000) in Virus Taxonomy Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses eds. Van Regenmortel M. H. V. Fanquet C. M. Bishop D. H. L. Carstens E. B. Estes M. K. Lemon S. M. Maniloff J. Mayo M. A. McGeoch D. J. Pringle C. R. et al. (Academic San Diego) pp. 657\u2013678."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-8-1699"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.16.8973-8984.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90690-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"270","volume":"5","year":"1987","unstructured":"Colonno, R. (1987) BioEssays 5, 270\u2013274.","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19329-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90689-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90688-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90168-E"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.3.951"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.6.2370"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.1.785-789.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.6.5056-5060.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008858014473"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Hammes A. & Schedl A. (2000) in Mouse Genetics and Transgenics: A Practical Approach eds. Jackson I. J. & Abbott C. M. (Oxford Univ. Press New York) pp. 217\u2013245."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.12.6803"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00202069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-7543(05)80132-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(49)90130-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-128-32987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.4.747"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"308","volume":"108","year":"1961","unstructured":"Nathanson, N. & Bodian, D. (1961) Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 108, 308\u2013333.13727930","journal-title":"Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.5.2444-2451.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.1.79"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.1.73"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.22.6249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"106","volume":"2","year":"1959","unstructured":"Voroshilova, M. K. & Chumakov M. P. (1959) Prog. Med. Virol. 2, 106\u2013170.","journal-title":"Prog. Med. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","first-page":"284","volume":"23","year":"1979","unstructured":"Shindarov, L. M., Chumakov, M. P., Voroshilova, M. K., Bojinov, S., Vasilenko, S. M., Iordanov, I., Kirov, I. D., Kamenov, E., Leshchinskaya, E. V., Mitov, G., et al. (1979) J. Hyg. Epid. Microb. Im. 23, 284\u2013295.","journal-title":"J. Hyg. Epid. Microb. Im."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/147.4.660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199502233320804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.8.4773-4780.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"111","volume":"105","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rieder, E., Gorbalenya, A. E., Xiao, C., Baker, T. S., Kuhn, R. J., Rossmann, M. G. & Wimmer, E. (2001) Dev. Biol. 105, 111\u2013122.","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0403998101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T09:33:08Z","timestamp":1649755988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0403998101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,7]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"37","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0403998101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0403998101","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1021108.241505","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-06-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-09-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}