{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:13:29Z","timestamp":1793121209428,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"31","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The roles of the androgen receptor (AR) in female fertility and ovarian function remain largely unknown. Here we report on the generation of female mice lacking AR (\n                    <jats:italic>AR<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and the resulting influences on the reproductive system. Female\n                    <jats:italic>AR<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice appear normal but show longer estrous cycles and reduced fertility. The ovaries from sexually mature\n                    <jats:italic>AR<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    females exhibited a marked reduction in the number of corpora lutea. After superovulation treatment, the\n                    <jats:italic>AR<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    ovaries produced fewer oocytes and also showed fewer corpora lutea. During the periovulatory period, an intensive granulosa apoptosis event occurs in the\n                    <jats:italic>AR<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    preovulatory follicles, concurrent with the down-regulation of p21 and progesterone receptor expression. Furthermore, the defective conformation of the cumulus cell\u2013oocyte complex from the\n                    <jats:italic>AR<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    females implies a lower fertilization capability of the\n                    <jats:italic>AR<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    oocytes. In addition to insufficient progesterone production, the diminished endometrial growth in uteri in response to exogenous gonadotropins indicates that\n                    <jats:italic>AR<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    females exhibit a luteal phase defect. Taken together, these data provide\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    evidence showing that AR plays an important role in female reproduction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404372101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,26]],"date-time":"2004-07-26T20:24:39Z","timestamp":1090873479000},"page":"11209-11214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":259,"title":["Subfertility and defective folliculogenesis in female mice lacking androgen receptor"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Yueh-Chiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; and Reproductive Medicine Institute, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng-Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; and Reproductive Medicine Institute, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyuan","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; and Reproductive Medicine Institute, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruey-Sheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; and Reproductive Medicine Institute, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; and Reproductive Medicine Institute, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingquan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; and Reproductive Medicine Institute, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinchang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; and Reproductive Medicine Institute, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiang-Tai","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; and Reproductive Medicine Institute, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Yin","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; and Reproductive Medicine Institute, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chawnshang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; and Reproductive Medicine Institute, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.23.2.0460"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3353726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.190353897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5458"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307306101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.1.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.21.2.0394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137614"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.11.8482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod61.2.353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-107-4-1027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.133.5.8404672"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod66.1.77"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.212474399"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1250369"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod67.4.1115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1980.0040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.12.7.0138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"435","volume":"43","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yaron, Y., Schwartz, D., Evans, M. 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