{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:11:33Z","timestamp":1783555893002,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"36","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In the developing pancreas, the basic helix\u2013loop\u2013helix (bHLH) protein Neurogenin3 (Ngn3) specifies which precursor cells ultimately will become endocrine cells and initiates the islet differentiation program. NeuroD1, a closely related bHLH protein and a downstream target of Ngn3, maintains the differentiation program initiated by Ngn3. We have developed an\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    model of Ngn3-dependent differentiation by infecting pancreatic duct cell lines with an Ngn3-expressing adenovirus. We found that both Ngn3 and its downstream target NeuroD1 activated the islet differentiation program in these cells by inducing the expression of genes with early roles in the differentiation cascade, as well as genes characteristic of fully differentiated islet cells. Induction of these genes, as exemplified by the\n                    <jats:italic>insulin1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, involved alteration of the local chromatin structure. Interestingly, the subsets of genes activated by Ngn3 and NeuroD1 were not completely overlapping, indicating that these two bHLH proteins serve specific functions in the development of the endocrine pancreas. In addition, microarray gene expression analysis identified a previously uncharacterized group of Ngn3-induced genes with potentially important roles in islet development and function. These studies demonstrate how Ngn3 initiates islet differentiation and provide us with a model for testing methods for producing islet cells for people with diabetes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405301101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,30]],"date-time":"2004-08-30T20:14:24Z","timestamp":1093896864000},"page":"13245-13250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Proendocrine genes coordinate the pancreatic islet differentiation program\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Rosa","family":"Gasa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, Hormone Research Institute, and Departments of Growth and Development and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Mrejen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, Hormone Research Institute, and Departments of Growth and Development and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Leachman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, Hormone Research Institute, and Departments of Growth and Development and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Otten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, Hormone Research Institute, and Departments of Growth and Development and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, Hormone Research Institute, and Departments of Growth and Development and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juehu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, Hormone Research Institute, and Departments of Growth and Development and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swarup","family":"Chakrabarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, Hormone Research Institute, and Departments of Growth and Development and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghavendra","family":"Mirmira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, Hormone Research Institute, and Departments of Growth and Development and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"German","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, Hormone Research Institute, and Departments of Growth and Development and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(02)00333-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/23716"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"3533","volume":"127","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schwitzgebel, V. 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