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In this study, normal participants were tested on a visual search task, once after an injection of midazolam, an anesthetic that induces temporary amnesia, and once after an injection of saline. Under the influence of midazolam, participants did not show facilitation in search times for repeated configurations (contextual cuing), although there was a general speed-up in performance across blocks in both the midazolam and saline conditions. Neither the contextual-cuing effect nor the procedural-learning effect was available to subjective experience, yet only one of these was affected by midazolam-induced amnesia. These data call into question the notion that memory systems divide on the basis of subjective experience of consciousness or reportability. Rather, the findings support the contention that anterograde amnesia affects learning that depends on building novel associations in memory and that this deficit does not hinge upon accessibility to consciousness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408075101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,22]],"date-time":"2004-12-22T04:29:47Z","timestamp":1103689787000},"page":"17879-17883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["The effect of midazolam on visual search: Implications for understanding amnesia"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Heekyeong","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Quinlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Thornton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne M.","family":"Reder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","first-page":"11","volume":"20","year":"1957","unstructured":"Scoville, W. 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