{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:16:17Z","timestamp":1790298977221,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"14","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,5]]},"abstract":"\n Previous studies have shown that a \u03c3\n 54<\/jats:sup>\n \u2013\u03c3\n S<\/jats:sup>\n cascade regulates the expression of a few key lipoproteins in\n Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n , the agent of Lyme disease. Here, we demonstrate that these sigma factors, both together and independently, regulate a much more extensive number of genes and cellular processes. Microarray analyses of \u03c3\n 54<\/jats:sup>\n and \u03c3\n S<\/jats:sup>\n mutant strains identified 305 genes regulated by \u03c3\n 54<\/jats:sup>\n and 145 regulated by \u03c3\n S<\/jats:sup>\n ,<\/jats:sub>\n whereas the \u03c3\n 54<\/jats:sup>\n \u2013\u03c3\n S<\/jats:sup>\n regulatory cascade appears to control 48 genes in\n B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n .\n In silico<\/jats:italic>\n analyses revealed that nearly 80% of genes with altered expression in the \u03c3\n 54<\/jats:sup>\n mutant were linked to potential \u03c3\n 54<\/jats:sup>\n -dependent promoters. Many \u03c3\n 54<\/jats:sup>\n -regulated genes are expressed\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n , and through genetic complementation of the mutant, we demonstrated that \u03c3\n 54<\/jats:sup>\n was required by\n B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n to infect mammals. Surprisingly, \u03c3\n 54<\/jats:sup>\n mutants were able to infect\n Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n ticks and be maintained for at least 24 wk after infection, suggesting the \u03c3\n 54<\/jats:sup>\n \u2013\u03c3\n S<\/jats:sup>\n regulatory network was not involved in long-term survival in ticks. However, \u03c3\n 54<\/jats:sup>\n mutants did not enter the salivary glands during tick feeding, indicating that \u03c3\n 54<\/jats:sup>\n -regulated genes were involved in the transmission process.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408536102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,2]],"date-time":"2005-03-02T20:29:35Z","timestamp":1109795375000},"page":"5162-5167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":193,"title":["Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n \u03c3\n 54<\/sup>\n is required for mammalian infection and vector transmission but not for tick colonization"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothee","family":"Grimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy K.","family":"Henion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah F.","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip E.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank C.","family":"Gherardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/37551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01698.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2432412100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.11.3122-3125.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.6.3371-3383.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.4.1689-1705.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.032667699"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231442498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306845101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.01103.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.4.2139-2150.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Treglown J. 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