{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:20:25Z","timestamp":1791296425627,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>RNA viruses replicate with a very high error rate and give rise to heterogeneous, highly plastic populations able to adapt very rapidly to changing environments. Viral diseases are thus difficult to control because of the appearance of drug-resistant mutants, and it becomes essential to seek mechanisms able to force the extinction of the quasispecies before adaptation emerges. An alternative to the use of conventional drugs consists in increasing the replication error rate through the use of mutagens. Here, we report about persistent infections of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus treated with fluorouracil, where a progressive debilitation of infectivity leading to eventual extinction occurs. The transition to extinction is accompanied by the production of large amounts of RNA, indicating that the replicative ability of the quasispecies is not strongly impaired by the mutagen. By means of experimental and theoretical approaches, we propose that a fraction of the RNA molecules synthesized can behave as a defective subpopulation able to drive the viable class extinct. Our results lead to the identification of two extinction pathways, one at high amounts of mutagen, where the quasispecies completely loses its ability to infect and replicate, and a second one, at lower amounts of mutagen, where replication continues while the infective class gets extinct because of the action of defectors. The results bear on a potential application of increased mutagenesis as an antiviral strategy in that low doses of a mutagenic agent may suffice to drive persistent virus to extinction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408871102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,14]],"date-time":"2005-03-14T22:41:43Z","timestamp":1110840103000},"page":"4448-4452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["Suppression of viral infectivity through lethal defection"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Grande-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Molecular \u201cSevero Ochoa,\u201d Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Astrobiolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de T\u00e9cnica Aeroespacial-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Carretera De Ajalvir km. 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain;Department of Medicine, Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"L\u00e1zaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Molecular \u201cSevero Ochoa,\u201d Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Astrobiolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de T\u00e9cnica Aeroespacial-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Carretera De Ajalvir km. 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain;Department of Medicine, Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Lowenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Molecular \u201cSevero Ochoa,\u201d Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Astrobiolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de T\u00e9cnica Aeroespacial-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Carretera De Ajalvir km. 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain;Department of Medicine, Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Domingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Molecular \u201cSevero Ochoa,\u201d Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Astrobiolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de T\u00e9cnica Aeroespacial-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Carretera De Ajalvir km. 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain;Department of Medicine, Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna C.","family":"Manrubia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Molecular \u201cSevero Ochoa,\u201d Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Astrobiolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de T\u00e9cnica Aeroespacial-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Carretera De Ajalvir km. 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain;Department of Medicine, Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Medicine,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404656101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"3","volume":"3","year":"1988","unstructured":"Domingo, E., Holland, J. 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