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Subsequently, we compared the development of the sympathoadrenal system and breathing and arousal reflexes of offspring shortly after birth, a period of increased vulnerability to nicotine exposure. Newborn WT pups exposed to nicotine exhibited all of the deficits associated with maternal tobacco and nicotine use, and linked to poor neonatal outcome: growth restriction, unstable breathing, and impaired arousal and catecholamine biosynthesis. Remarkably similar deficits were detected in pups lacking \u03b22-containing nAChRs. Loss-of-function of these nAChRs consequently reproduces with astonishing fidelity many of the abnormalities caused by perinatal nicotine exposure. We propose that the underlying mechanisms of nicotine's detrimental side effects on a range of crucial defensive reflexes involve loss of function of nAChR subtypes, possibly via activity-dependent desensitization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409782102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,28]],"date-time":"2005-02-28T20:24:54Z","timestamp":1109622294000},"page":"3817-3821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Perinatal exposure to nicotine causes deficits associated with a loss of nicotinic receptor function"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Gary","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institute, Neonatal Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Associ\u00e9e D1284, R\u00e9cepteurs et Cognition, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; and Neonatal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Christophe","family":"Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institute, Neonatal Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Associ\u00e9e D1284, R\u00e9cepteurs et Cognition, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; and Neonatal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9gis","family":"Grailhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institute, Neonatal Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Associ\u00e9e D1284, R\u00e9cepteurs et Cognition, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; and Neonatal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girvan","family":"Malcolm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institute, Neonatal Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Associ\u00e9e D1284, R\u00e9cepteurs et Cognition, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; and Neonatal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Changeux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institute, Neonatal Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Associ\u00e9e D1284, R\u00e9cepteurs et Cognition, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; and Neonatal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Lagercrantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institute, Neonatal Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Associ\u00e9e D1284, R\u00e9cepteurs et Cognition, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; and Neonatal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143592.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"NSW Mothers and Babies Report 1997 (1997) Part 3: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mothers and Babies www.health.nsw.gov.au\/public-health\/mdc97\/3_7.htm."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114803"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Mitchell E. 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