{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:26:43Z","timestamp":1791188803411,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The immunogenetic factors that influence susceptibility to pneumonia are poorly understood. Recent studies suggest an association of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) polymorphisms with increased susceptibility to some infections. Here, we examined whether polymorphisms in TLR4 influence susceptibility to Legionnaires' disease (LD) by using a case-control study to compare the allele frequencies of two SNPs (A896G and C1196T). Cases (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 108) were obtained from a LD outbreak in The Netherlands in 1999. Controls were exposed at the same outbreak, did not develop pneumonia, and were either unmatched (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 421) or matched (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 89) to patients for age, sex, and geographic residence. Allele 896G was associated with LD susceptibility with a frequency of 6.5% in the combined control group (matched and unmatched) vs. 2.5% in patients [odds ratio (OR) of 0.36, 95% confidence interval (C.I.) 0.14\u20130.91,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.025]. In the matched control group comparison, allele 896G also showed a protective association with an OR of 0.27 (95% C.I. 0.09\u20130.75,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.008). An analysis of genotype frequencies (896 AA vs. AG and GG) demonstrated similar protective associations (patient vs. combined control group comparison, OR = 0.35, 95% C.I. 0.14\u20130.89,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.02; matched control group comparison, OR = 0.25, 95% C.I. 0.09\u20130.71,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.006). Allele 1196T cosegregated with allele 896G and, thus, had identical associations. Although previous studies suggest that these TLR4 SNPs are associated with an increased risk of infection, this study demonstrates an association with resistance. This protective association illustrates that an innate immune receptor can mediate either beneficial or deleterious inflammatory responses and that these outcomes vary with different pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409831102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,7]],"date-time":"2005-02-07T20:25:07Z","timestamp":1107807907000},"page":"2487-2489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms are associated with resistance to Legionnaires' disease"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Hawn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195; Institute for Systems Biology, 1441 North 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103; Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Microbiology, Academic Hospital Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelies","family":"Verbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195; Institute for Systems Biology, 1441 North 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103; Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Microbiology, Academic Hospital Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Janer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195; Institute for Systems Biology, 1441 North 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103; Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Microbiology, Academic Hospital Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lue Ping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195; Institute for Systems Biology, 1441 North 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103; Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Microbiology, Academic Hospital Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Beutler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195; Institute for Systems Biology, 1441 North 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103; Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Microbiology, Academic Hospital Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Aderem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195; Institute for Systems Biology, 1441 North 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103; Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Medical Microbiology, Academic Hospital Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512143332408"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35021228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02761"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.54.1.567"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709043371006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.105.6.1817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.5.1018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197712012972201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031220"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.3.1727"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.1.352-361.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35074106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"93","volume":"270","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smith, K. D. & Ozinsky, A. (2002) Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 270, 93-108.12467246","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/76048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.9.1028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/344893"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012673"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/420830"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0310652"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20022078"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.3.1828-1831.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.8.3.195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"241","volume":"212","year":"2003","unstructured":"Storm, N., Darnhofer-Patel, B., van den Boom, D. & Rodi, C. P. (2003) Methods Mol. Biol. 212, 241-262.12491915","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/4.4.513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0801.010176"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1031605100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000095431.15606.68"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322798"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2003.01674.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341780"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0409831102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T14:28:15Z","timestamp":1649773695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0409831102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0409831102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0409831102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-12-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-02-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}