{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:37:10Z","timestamp":1791175030391,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Anthrax caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    represents a major bioterroristic threat.\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    produces lethal toxin (LeTx), a combination of lethal factor (LF) and protective antigen that plays a major role in anthrax pathogenesis. We demonstrate that human neutrophil \u03b1-defensins are potent inhibitors of LF. The inhibition of LF by human neutrophil protein (HNP-1) was noncompetitive. HNP-1 inhibited cleavage of a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and restored impaired mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in LeTx-treated macrophages. HNP-1 rescued murine macrophages from\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -induced cytotoxicity, and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    treatment with HNP-1-3 protected mice against the fatal consequences of LeTx.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500508102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,16]],"date-time":"2005-03-16T20:24:26Z","timestamp":1111004666000},"page":"4830-4835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Human \u03b1-defensins neutralize anthrax lethal toxin and protect against its fatal consequences"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Chun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Central Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21-22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle\/Saale, Germany; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory\/Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, Building 25A, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadesan","family":"Gajendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Central Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21-22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle\/Saale, Germany; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory\/Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, Building 25A, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Willi","family":"Mittr\u00fccker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Central Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21-22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle\/Saale, Germany; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory\/Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, Building 25A, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Weiwad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Central Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21-22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle\/Saale, Germany; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory\/Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, Building 25A, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Hwa","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Central Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21-22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle\/Saale, Germany; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory\/Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, Building 25A, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hurwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Central Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21-22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle\/Saale, Germany; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory\/Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, Building 25A, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Wilmanns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Central Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21-22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle\/Saale, Germany; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory\/Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, Building 25A, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunter","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Central Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21-22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle\/Saale, Germany; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory\/Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, Building 25A, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan H. 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