{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:02:39Z","timestamp":1791291759746,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"30","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We investigated the Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    signal regulating fast exocytosis at the ribbon synapse of retinal bipolar cells by using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to image fluorescent Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    indicators and interference reflection microscopy to monitor exocytosis. Depolarization generated Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u201cmicrodomains\u201d that expanded over the time scale during which the rapidly releasable pool (RRP) of vesicles was released (&lt;40 ms). Replacing mobile Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    buffers in the terminal with 10 mM EGTA prevented expansion of microdomains and decreased the number of rapidly releasable vesicles by a factor of 2. Conversely, decreasing the concentration of EGTA in the terminal to 0.1 mM increased the apparent width of a Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    microdomain from 580 nm to 930 nm and increased the size of the RRP size by a factor of 1.5. The [Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ] over the area that the microdomain expanded was estimated to be 2-7 \u03bcM. These results indicate that vesicles within the RRP are located hundreds of nanometers from Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    channels, and that fusion of these vesicles can be triggered by low micromolar levels of Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Variable distances between docked vesicles and Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    channels at the active zone, therefore, provide an explanation for the heterogeneous release probability of vesicles comprising the RRP.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501961102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,18]],"date-time":"2005-07-18T20:33:58Z","timestamp":1121718838000},"page":"10700-10705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Expansion of calcium microdomains regulates fast exocytosis at a ribbon synapse"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Vahri","family":"Beaumont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United 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