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For example, singlet oxygen (\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) can be formed during photosynthesis by energy transfer from excited triplet-state chlorophyll pigments to O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . By monitoring gene expression and growth in the presence of\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , we show that the phototrophic bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Rhodobacter sphaeroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    mounts a transcriptional response to this reactive oxygen species (ROS) that requires the alternative \u03c3 factor, \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup>\n                    . An increase in \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup>\n                    activity is seen when cells are exposed to\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    generated either by photochemistry within the photosynthetic apparatus or the photosensitizer, methylene blue. Wavelengths of light responsible for the generating triplet-state chlorophyll pigments in the photosynthetic apparatus are sufficient for a sustained increase in \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup>\n                    activity. Continued exposure to\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    is required to maintain this transcriptional response, and other ROS do not cause a similar increase in \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup>\n                    -dependent gene expression. When a \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup>\n                    mutant produces low levels of carotenoids,\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    is bacteriocidal, suggesting that this response is essential for protecting cells from this ROS. In addition, global gene expression analysis identified \u2248180 genes (\u224860 operons) whose RNA levels increase \u22653-fold in cells with increased \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup>\n                    activity. Gene products encoded by four newly identified \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup>\n                    -dependent operons are predicted to be involved in stress response, protecting cells from\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    damage, or the conservation of energy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502225102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,26]],"date-time":"2005-04-26T23:09:15Z","timestamp":1114556955000},"page":"6502-6507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["A transcriptional response to singlet oxygen, a toxic byproduct of photosynthesis"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Anthony","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, 420 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin L.","family":"Warczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, 420 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Donohue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, 420 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","first-page":"1259","volume":"378","year":"1997","unstructured":"Briviba, K., Klotz, L. 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