{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:58:54Z","timestamp":1789689534720,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"42","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Here we analyze patterns of human infection with\n                    <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (the cause of river blindness) in different continents and ecologies. In contrast with some geohelminths and schistosome parasites whose worm burdens typically exhibit a humped pattern with host age, patterns of\n                    <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection vary markedly with locality. To test the hypothesis that such differences are partly due to heterogeneity in exposure to vector bites, we develop an age- and sex-structured model for intensity of infection, with parasite regulation within humans and vectors. The model is fitted to microfilarial data from savannah villages of northern Cameroon, coffee fincas of central Guatemala, and forest-dwelling communities of southern Venezuela that were recorded before introducing ivermectin treatment. Estimates of transmission and infection loads are compared with entomological and epidemiological field data. Host age- and sex-heterogeneous exposure largely explains locale-specific infection patterns in onchocerciasis (whereas acquired protective immunity has been invoked for other helminth infections). The basic reproductive number,\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    , ranges from 5 to 8, which is slightly above estimates for other helminth parasites but well below previously presented values.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502659102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,10]],"date-time":"2005-10-10T20:33:51Z","timestamp":1128976431000},"page":"15265-15270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Human infection patterns and heterogeneous exposure in river blindness"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o A. N.","family":"Filipe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, 213, Rue La Fayette, Paris Cedex 10, France; Institut f\u00fcr Tierphysiologie, AG Parasitologie, Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, Friedhofstrasse 73, D-72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany; P.O. Box 715, Sonoita, AZ 85637; Departamento de Salud Preventiva y Social, Facultad de Medicina, and Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda de Vectores,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Boussinesq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, 213, Rue La Fayette, Paris Cedex 10, France; Institut f\u00fcr Tierphysiologie, AG Parasitologie, Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, Friedhofstrasse 73, D-72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany; P.O. Box 715, Sonoita, AZ 85637; Departamento de Salud Preventiva y Social, Facultad de Medicina, and Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda de Vectores,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfons","family":"Renz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, 213, Rue La Fayette, Paris Cedex 10, France; Institut f\u00fcr Tierphysiologie, AG Parasitologie, Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, Friedhofstrasse 73, D-72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany; P.O. Box 715, Sonoita, AZ 85637; Departamento de Salud Preventiva y Social, Facultad de Medicina, and Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda de Vectores,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard C.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, 213, Rue La Fayette, Paris Cedex 10, France; Institut f\u00fcr Tierphysiologie, AG Parasitologie, Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, Friedhofstrasse 73, D-72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany; P.O. Box 715, Sonoita, AZ 85637; Departamento de Salud Preventiva y Social, Facultad de Medicina, and Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda de Vectores,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarai","family":"Vivas-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, 213, Rue La Fayette, Paris Cedex 10, France; Institut f\u00fcr Tierphysiologie, AG Parasitologie, Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, Friedhofstrasse 73, D-72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany; P.O. Box 715, Sonoita, AZ 85637; Departamento de Salud Preventiva y Social, Facultad de Medicina, and Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda de Vectores,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Eugenia","family":"Grillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, 213, Rue La Fayette, Paris Cedex 10, France; Institut f\u00fcr Tierphysiologie, AG Parasitologie, Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, Friedhofstrasse 73, D-72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany; P.O. Box 715, Sonoita, AZ 85637; Departamento de Salud Preventiva y Social, Facultad de Medicina, and Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda de Vectores,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, 213, Rue La Fayette, Paris Cedex 10, France; Institut f\u00fcr Tierphysiologie, AG Parasitologie, Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, Friedhofstrasse 73, D-72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany; P.O. Box 715, Sonoita, AZ 85637; Departamento de Salud Preventiva y Social, Facultad de Medicina, and Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda de Vectores,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Gloria","family":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, 213, Rue La Fayette, Paris Cedex 10, France; Institut f\u00fcr Tierphysiologie, AG Parasitologie, Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, Friedhofstrasse 73, D-72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany; P.O. Box 715, Sonoita, AZ 85637; Departamento de Salud Preventiva y Social, Facultad de Medicina, and Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda de Vectores,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17521-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000066646"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)02112-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16728-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson R. M. & May R. M. (1991) Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control (Oxford Univ. 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