{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:01:06Z","timestamp":1791216066136,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"31","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In mammals, &gt;100 genes regulate pigmentation by means of a wide variety of developmental, cellular, and enzymatic mechanisms. Nevertheless, genes that directly regulate pheomelanin production have not been described. Here, we demonstrate that the subtle gray (\n                    <jats:italic>sut<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) mouse pigmentation mutant arose by means of a mutation in the\n                    <jats:italic>Slc7a11<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, encoding the plasma membrane cystine\/glutamate exchanger xCT [Kanai, Y. &amp; Endou, H. (2001)\n                    <jats:italic>Curr. Drug Metab.<\/jats:italic>\n                    2, 339-354]. A resulting low rate of extracellular cystine transport into\n                    <jats:italic>sut<\/jats:italic>\n                    melanocytes reduces pheomelanin production. We show that\n                    <jats:italic>Slc7a11<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a major genetic regulator of pheomelanin pigment in hair and melanocytes, with minimal or no effects on eumelanin. Furthermore, transport of cystine by xCT is critical for normal proliferation, glutathione production, and protection from oxidative stress in cultured cells. Thus, we have found that the\n                    <jats:italic>Slc7a11<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene controls the production of pheomelanin pigment directly. Cells from\n                    <jats:italic>sut<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice provide a model for oxidative stress-related diseases and their therapies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502856102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,21]],"date-time":"2005-07-21T20:25:13Z","timestamp":1121977513000},"page":"10964-10969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":201,"title":["<i>Slc7a11<\/i>\n                    gene controls production of pheomelanin pigment and proliferation of cultured cells"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Sreenivasulu","family":"Chintala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263; Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&amp;M University, 4473 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263; Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&amp;M University, 4473 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Lynn","family":"Lamoreux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263; Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&amp;M University, 4473 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shosuke","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263; Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&amp;M University, 4473 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazumasa","family":"Wakamatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263; Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&amp;M University, 4473 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena V.","family":"Sviderskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263; Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&amp;M University, 4473 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy C.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263; Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&amp;M University, 4473 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Mee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263; Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&amp;M University, 4473 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Gahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263; Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&amp;M University, 4473 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjan","family":"Huizing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263; Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&amp;M University, 4473 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Spritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263; Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&amp;M University, 4473 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songtao","family":"Ben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263; Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&amp;M University, 4473 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward K.","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263; Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&amp;M University, 4473 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263; 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