{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:08:55Z","timestamp":1789513735802,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Seed terminal velocity and release height are recognized as key biotic determinants of long-distance dispersal (LDD) of seeds by wind. Yet, potential determinants at the ecosystem level, such as seasonal dynamics in foliage density characterizing many deciduous forests, have received much less attention. We integrated detailed field observations and experiments with a mechanistic wind dispersal model to assess how seasonal variation in foliage density, estimated by leaf-area index (LAI), affects LDD in deciduous forests. We found that the model, previously shown to accurately predict seed dispersal by wind, also reliably describes the effects of LAI variation on wind statistics for a wide range of canopy types. Sparser canopies are characterized by more organized vertical eddy motion that promotes LDD by uplifting seeds to higher elevations where winds are stronger. Yet, sparser canopies are also characterized by reduced mean windspeed aloft. We showed that former effect more than compensates for the latter, i.e., conditions of low LAI are favorable for LDD. This may account for the tendency of many temperate tree species to restrict seed release to either early spring or late fall, when LAI is relatively low. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the typical seasonal variation in LAI can be more important to LDD of seeds by wind than the natural variation in seed terminal velocity. Because our model accurately describes the effects of LAI variation for distinctly different sites, species, and life forms, we suggest that its results reflect a general association between LDD and foliage density dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503048102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,31]],"date-time":"2005-05-31T22:58:22Z","timestamp":1117580302000},"page":"8251-8256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Foliage shedding in deciduous forests lifts up long-distance seed dispersal by wind"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Ran","family":"Nathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Systematics, and Ecology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; and Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel G.","family":"Katul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Systematics, and Ecology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; and Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2000.00296.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/b95-021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.16.110185.001143"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.24.110193.002033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Addicott F. T. (1982) Abscission (Univ. of California Press Berkeley)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Ridley H. N. (1930) The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World (Reeve Ashford U.K.)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Pijl L. (1982) Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants (Springer Berlin).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-87925-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)01874-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Harper J. L. (1977) Population Biology of Plants (Academic London)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132428"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/01-0614"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Scurlock J. M. O. Asner G. P. & Gower S. T. (2001) Worldwide Historical Estimates of Leaf Area Index 1932\u20132000 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00140-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00844"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(2003)073[0173:MLDOPD]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/03-0522"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fl.13.010181.000525"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1001810204560"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.32.1.519"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BOUN.0000016576.05621.73"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1001509106381"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96WR03136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1937537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1937538"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309-1708(01)00029-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stull R. B. (1988) An Introduction to Boundary-Layer Meteorology (Kluwer Academic Dordrecht The Netherlands).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-3027-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(01)00462-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2001)082[0374:FVASAO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285359"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1938802"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1980.tb07754.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1993.tb13830.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1967.tb03416.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"Schopmeyer C. S. (1974) Agricultural Handbook (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Washington DC) Vol. 450 ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","unstructured":"Burns R. M. & Honkala B. H. (1990) Agricultural Handbook (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service Washington DC) Vol. 654 ."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0503048102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T13:34:19Z","timestamp":1649770459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0503048102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,31]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0503048102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0503048102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-03-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-05-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}