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We identify\n                    <jats:italic>XPC<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Gadd45a<\/jats:italic>\n                    as genes within each of these regions involved in lung tumor initiation and progression, respectively. One hundred percent of\n                    <jats:italic>XPC<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\/- mice develop multiple spontaneous lung tumors with a minority progressing to non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma, occasionally with metastasis to adjacent lymph nodes. Deletion of\n                    <jats:italic>Gadd45a<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone does not lead to increased lung tumors in mice, but coupled with an\n                    <jats:italic>XPC<\/jats:italic>\n                    deletion, it results in lung tumor progression. Analysis of published data indicated allelic loss of\n                    <jats:italic>XPC<\/jats:italic>\n                    in most human lung tumors and allelic loss of\n                    <jats:italic>Gadd45a<\/jats:italic>\n                    in some human lung and other cancer types. Because DNA repair capacity is compromised in\n                    <jats:italic>XPC<\/jats:italic>\n                    +\/- cells, it is possible that the loss of a single\n                    <jats:italic>XPC<\/jats:italic>\n                    allele in the human lung might confer a mutator phenotype. Coupled with cigarette carcinogens, decreased DNA repair would lead to additional mutations in genes such as p53 that are frequent targets in lung cancer.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503133102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,2]],"date-time":"2005-09-02T20:34:42Z","timestamp":1125693282000},"page":"13200-13205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Deletion of\n                    <i>XPC<\/i>\n                    leads to lung tumors in mice and is associated with early events in human lung carcinogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"M. Christine","family":"Hollander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn T.","family":"Philburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Velasco-Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Errol C.","family":"Friedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Ilona","family":"Linnoila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Albert J.","family":"Fornace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.73"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.191345898"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"907","volume":"383","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pfeifer, G. 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