{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:46:55Z","timestamp":1791323215684,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"41","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium marinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a natural pathogen of fish and frogs and an occasional pathogen of humans, is capable of inducing actin tail formation within the cytoplasm of macrophages, leading to actin-based motility and intercellular spread. Actin tail formation by\n                    <jats:italic>M. marinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    is markedly reduced in macrophages deficient in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), which still contain the closely related and ubiquitously expressed protein N-WASP (neuronal WASP). In fibroblasts lacking both WASP and N-WASP,\n                    <jats:italic>M. marinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    is incapable of efficient actin polymerization and of intercellular spread. By reconstituting these cells, we find that\n                    <jats:italic>M. marinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    is able to use either WASP or N-WASP to induce actin polymerization. Inhibition or genetic deletion of tyrosine phosphorylation, Nck, WASP-interacting protein, and Cdc42 does not affect\n                    <jats:italic>M. marinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    actin tail formation, excluding the participation of these molecules as upstream activators of N-WASP in the initiation of actin-based motility. In contrast, deletion of the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-binding basic motif in N-WASP eliminates\n                    <jats:italic>M. marinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    actin tail formation. Together, these data demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>M. marinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    subversion of host actin polymerization is most similar to distantly related Gram-negative organisms but that its mechanism for activating WASP family proteins is unique.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504663102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,30]],"date-time":"2005-09-30T20:33:39Z","timestamp":1128112419000},"page":"14837-14842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Role of the WASP family proteins for\n                    <i>Mycobacterium marinum<\/i>\n                    actin tail formation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Luisa M.","family":"Stamm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; and Cytoskeleton Dynamics Group and Department of Cell Biology, German Research Center for Biotechnology, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; and Cytoskeleton Dynamics Group and Department of Cell Biology, German Research Center for Biotechnology, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Hiroshi","family":"Morisaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; and Cytoskeleton Dynamics Group and Department of Cell Biology, German Research Center for Biotechnology, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott B.","family":"Snapper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; and Cytoskeleton Dynamics Group and Department of Cell Biology, German Research Center for Biotechnology, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klemens","family":"Rottner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in 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