{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:36:08Z","timestamp":1791311768436,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"43","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Although pili have long been recognized in Gram-negative pathogens as important virulence factors involved in adhesion and invasion, very little is known about extended surface organelles in Gram-positive pathogens. Here we report that Group A\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (GAS), a Gram-positive human-specific pathogen that causes pharyngitis, impetigo, invasive disease, necrotizing fasciitis, and autoimmune sequelae has long, surface-exposed, pilus-like structures composed of members of a family of extracellular matrix-binding proteins. We describe four variant pili and show that each is recognized by a specific serum of the Lancefield T-typing system, which has been used for over five decades to characterize GAS isolates. Furthermore, we show that immunization of mice with a combination of recombinant pilus proteins confers protection against mucosal challenge with virulent GAS bacteria. The data indicate that induction of a protective immune response against these structures may be a useful strategy for development of a vaccine against disease caused by GAS infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507808102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,13]],"date-time":"2005-10-13T20:33:29Z","timestamp":1129235609000},"page":"15641-15646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":323,"title":["Group A\n                    <i>Streptococcus<\/i>\n                    produce pilus-like structures containing protective antigens and Lancefield T antigens"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Marirosa","family":"Mora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiron Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; and Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliano","family":"Bensi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiron Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; and Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Capo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiron Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; and Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Falugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiron Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; and Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Zingaretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiron Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; and Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea G. O.","family":"Manetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiron Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; and Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiron Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; and Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Taddei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiron Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; and Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Grandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiron Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; and Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Telford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiron Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; and Centro Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(99)00053-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04117.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111563"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1109869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.470"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.47.1.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.84.5.449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.6.3310-3317.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.1.368-379.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Johnson D. 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