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Because monoptic and dichoptic masking are equivalent in magnitude perceptually, the present results establish a lower bound for maintenance of visual awareness of simple unattended targets. Moreover, we find that awareness-correlated circuits for simple targets are restricted to the occipital lobe. This finding provides evidence of an upper boundary in the visual hierarchy for visual awareness of simple unattended targets, thus constraining the location of circuits that maintain the visibility of simple targets to occipital areas beyond V1\/V2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508010102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,10]],"date-time":"2005-11-10T20:33:38Z","timestamp":1131654818000},"page":"17178-17183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Visibility, visual awareness, and visual masking of simple unattended targets are confined to areas in the occipital cortex beyond human V1\/V2"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Peter U.","family":"Tse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, H.B. 6207, Moore Hall, Hanover, NH 03755; and Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Martinez-Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, H.B. 6207, Moore Hall, Hanover, NH 03755; 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